Reducing Ethnic Profiling in the European Union - Open Society ...

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to travel as far as Liverpool to access services. In 2010 the UKBA opened a local Belfastoffice that will provide a full range of integrated services, in response to the issues raised.UNITED KINGDOMNational Accountability Board for Schedule 7 of the Terrorism ActSchedule 7 of the Terrorism Act 2000 provides legal power to police officers to stop,question, search, and detain people without any reasonable suspicion when peopleare traveling through ports. In 2010, counter-terrorism authorities formed a NationalAccountability Board for Schedule 7 with representation from statutory bodies andcivil society. The board is to act as a “critical friend” to scrutinize, challenge, andoffer advice and recommendations on equality, diversity, and human rights issues.The board has reviewed the numbers of Schedule 7 stops, ethnic make-up of thosestopped, and outcomes of stops and complaints.NGOs and community organizations have raised concerns about the representationon the National Accountability Board for Schedule 7 and a lack of transparency abouttheir meetings and outcomes of the board’s work. To date, Schedule 7 data are stillnot reviewed at a local level alongside other stop and search powers. 242UNITED KINGDOMManchester Airport Independent Advisory Group 243The Airport Division of the Greater Manchester Police formed an Independent AdvisoryGroup (IAG) at the airport. The airport IAG is made up of 8 to 10 representativesfrom the airport industry and surrounding area—such as representatives fromairlines, ground staff, union representatives, and members of the chaplaincy. Thisresulted in a diverse group in terms of sex, age, ethnicity and sexuality.The group meets quarterly to discuss all aspects of law enforcement at the airport.They have been consulted on the use of counter-terrorism stop and search powersin the airport, and helped to design a leaflet on these powers that is given to thepeople stopped.As the members of the group are professionals who work in the airport they are lesscritical than other British community consultation groups, and tend to support theheightened airport security. Yet the consultation has reportedly been useful.162 COMMUNITY OUTREACH AND INVOLVEMENT
UNITED KINGDOMManchester Airport Critical Incident Response 244The Airport Division of the Greater Manchester Police also reaches out to localcommunities as the need arises. For example, a group of Syrian women and childrenwere detained after traces of explosives were detected on their bags. They werereleased when it was found that some Middle Eastern perfumes have similar chemicalcompounds to explosives. Their family members in the Manchester area felt thatthey had been detained because of their ethnicity and national origin. The CommunityRace Relations Advisor acted as a liaison with the Airport Division which invited thefamily and representatives of the local mosque to inspect airport security. AirportDivision officers also made a presentation at the mosque and answered questions.Both sides gave positive feedback, and the police gained deeper insights into theconcerns of some groups using the airport.Working with Hard-to-reach and Hard-to-hear GroupsThe terms “hard-to-reach” and “hard-to-hear” are not a technical description of specificcommunities, but reflect the fact that law enforcement will always have difficulty establishinga dialogue with certain groups. The largest of these groups is young people;others are Travellers and illegal migrants.In the wake of terror attacks in Madrid and London, certain sectors of Muslimcommunities, particularly the more conservative, emerged as a high-priority “hard toreach group.” Efforts to build bridges to Muslims confront the fact that there are manyMuslim communities, of varied national origin, ethnicity, and religious belief and practice.Further compounding the challenge is the fact that there are very few Muslim lawenforcement officers in Europe, and few non-Muslim officers are familiar with Islam.SWEDENSpecial Initiatives Working with Hard to Reach GroupsIn 2005 the County of Stockholm Police Service launched a new strategy, opening 15new local police stations and deploying mobile police stations on weekends in highcrime areas of Stockholm. In 2010, the number of local police stations was increasedto 27. The stations increase community outreach and cooperation with social serviceproviders.REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 163
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OPEN SOCIETY JUSTICE INITIATIVERedu
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described in this report. The case
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List of Case StudiesThe case studie
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UNITED KINGDOMAUSTRIA/BELGIUM/BULGA
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UNITED KINGDOMUNITED KINGDOMNETHERL
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The United Nations, the Council of
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I. Ethnic Profiling DefinedA Compre
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The use by the police, with no obje
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explicitly on their membership in a
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of the persons subjected thereto sh
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The impact of ethnic profiling on c
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of the ethnic minorities disproport
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II. A Holistic Approachto Reducing
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Law enforcement agencies are accoun
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III. Legal Standards andInstitution
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Criminal and Administrative Legal R
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ImmigrationThe Equality Act covers
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FRANCEObligation of Non-Discriminat
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General principles of good practice
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UNITED KINGDOMPolice and Criminal E
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has lasted for an hour, the examini
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In order to conduct a check using a
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the person could pose a threat to p
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Improving law enforcement relations
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IRELANDPolicing Plan 2008The Garda
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officer misconduct more than patter
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complaints commissions that include
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Civilian oversight can and should d
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In Ireland and Northern Ireland, po
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These case studies also demonstrate
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NETHERLANDSNational OmbudsmanThe Du
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UNITED KINGDOM / NORTHERN IRELANDNo
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DENMARKThe Danish Institute of Huma
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• the impact of race• the use o
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UNITED KINGDOMThe Communities and L
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used, such as those described below
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passengers at borders, although the
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UNITED KINGDOMMerseyside Police Rev
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Reducing Ethnic Profiling and Impro
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As the above examples indicate, dat
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Research Approaches and Methodologi
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Observational studies were pioneere
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The study revealed that in addition
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esponses, and in some cases, broad
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UNITED STATESAttitudinal Survey of
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UNITED KINGDOMThe Views of the Publ
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NORTHERN IRELANDBeyond the Margins:
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DENMARKMedia Reporting of Police St
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VI. Strategies for Reducing EthnicD
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people were stopped and valuable po
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only do so if the measure is determ
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Supervision and Oversight of Front-
Page 113 and 114: This is not to say that stop forms
Page 115 and 116: • Recording of self-defined ethni
Page 117 and 118: UNITED KINGDOM“Know Your Rights
Page 119 and 120: Prior to the ride-alongs, many Hung
Page 121 and 122: General principles of good practice
Page 123 and 124: UNITED KINGDOMMonitoring the Qualit
Page 125: GREECEProhibition of Racist Languag
Page 128 and 129: This handbook recommends that law e
Page 130 and 131: Where possible, training should inc
Page 132 and 133: SWEDENPolice and Youth Sharing Expe
Page 134 and 135: Training in the Counter-radicalizat
Page 137 and 138: VIII. Changing Institutional Cultur
Page 139 and 140: and Wales have used the package. Mo
Page 141 and 142: NORTHERN IRELANDCreating a More Bal
Page 143 and 144: Moroccan man. Another minority offi
Page 147: General principles of good practice
Page 150 and 151: other characteristics or values. Co
Page 152 and 153: Take steps to ensure that all parts
Page 154 and 155: Law enforcement agencies must be se
Page 156 and 157: A large number of Polish migrants h
Page 158 and 159: variety of individuals with “life
Page 160 and 161: UNITED KINGDOMCommunity Stop and Se
Page 162 and 163: their needs, and problems, and hear
Page 166 and 167: The strategy includes multiple init
Page 168 and 169: The website provides an interactive
Page 173 and 174: Appendix A:Sample Stop Forms171
Page 175 and 176: REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EU
Page 185 and 186: Fuenlabrada, Spain Stop FormREDUCIN
Page 191: West Yorkshire Police Stop ReceiptR
Page 194 and 195: Covenant rights that are especially
Page 196 and 197: • Necessity: The use of ethnic pr
Page 198 and 199: The clear risk of arbitrariness in
Page 200 and 201: The Committee considers that identi
Page 202 and 203: adopted on June 29, 2007, CRI/Counc
Page 204 and 205: European Union Fundamental Rights A
Page 207 and 208: Notes1. Rebekah Delsol, Open Societ
Page 209 and 210: 13. A report of MI5’s behavioral
Page 211 and 212: 38. From the email text sent by Tem
Page 213 and 214: 57. R. Davis and P. Mateu-Gelabert,
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88. Gillan and Quinton v. United Ki
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Ireland). Of the total number of co
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139. For example, European Commissi
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165. Open Society Justice Initiativ
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197. These can be found at: http://
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230. More information can be found
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266. To undertake this kind of anal
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279. In Rosalind Williams, Spanish
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Ethnic profiling by police in Europ
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