Reducing Ethnic Profiling in the European Union - Open Society ...

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European Union Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA), “EU-MIDIS European UnionMinorities and Discrimination Survey: Data in Focus Report: Muslims,” (Austria,FRA, 2009). Available at: http://fra.europa.eu/fraWebsite/attachments/EU-MIDIS_MUSLIMS_EN.pdf.European Network Against Racism (ENAR), “Racism in Europe: ENAR Shadow Report2009–10,” (Belgium, ENAR, 2011). Available at: http://cms.horus.be/files/99935/MediaArchive/FINAL%20SR%20-%20online%20version%202.pdf.European Network Against Racism (ENAR), “Policing and ethnic and religious minorities,”ENARgy, Issue 23, January 2008.Goodey, Jo (Ed.), “Ethnic Profiling, Criminal (In) Justice and Minority Populations,”Critical Criminology, Volume 14, Number 3, September 2006.Harris, David, Profiles in Injustice; Why Racial Profiling Cannot Work, (New York: TheNew Press, 2002)Human Rights Watch, The Root of Humiliation: Abusive Identity Checks in France. (NewYork and Paris: January 2012).Miller, Joel, Bland, Nick and Quinton, Paul, “The Impact of Stops and Searches onCrime and the Community,” Police Research Series Paper 127 (London: HomeOffice, 2000).Ministry of Justice, “Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System—2008/09.”(London: Ministry of Justice, 2010).Moeckli, Daniel, “Discrimination Profiles: Law Enforcement After 9/11 and 7/7,” EuropeanHuman Rights Law Review, 10(5), 517–532 (2005).Open Society Justice Initiative, Profiling Minorities: A Study of Stop-and-Search Practicesin Paris, (New York: Open Society Institute, 2009). Available at: http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/focus/equality_citizenship/articles_publications/publications/search_20090630.Open Society Justice Initiative, Ethnic Profiling in the European Union: Pervasive, Ineffectiveand Discriminatory, (New York: Open Society Institute, 2009). Available at:http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/focus/equality_citizenship/articles_publications/publications/profiling_20090526.(Executive summaries available inDutch, French, German and Italian.)Open Society Justice Initiative, Addressing Ethnic Profiling by the Police: A Report on theStrategies for Effective Police Stop and Search Project, (New York: Open Society Institute,2009). Available at: http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/focus/equality_citizenship/articles_publications/publications/profiling_20090511. (Summariesavailable in French and German.)202 APPENDIX C: BILBLIOGRAPHY OF KEY TEXTS
Open Society Justice Initiative, Ethnic Profiling in the Moscow Metro, (New York: Open SocietyInstitute, 2006). Available at: http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/focus/equality_citizenship/articles_publications/publications/profiling_20060613.Open Society Justice Initiative, I Can Stop and Search Whoever I Want: Ethnic Profiling byPolice in Bulgaria, Hungary and Spain, (New York: Open Society Institute, 2006).Available at: http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/focus/equality_citizenship/articles_publications/publications/profiling_20070419.Open Society Justice Initiative, Justice Initiatives: Ethnic Profiling by Police in Europe,(New York: Open Society Institute, 2005). Available at: http://www.soros.org/initiatives/justice/focus/equality_citizenship/articles_publications/publications/juticeinit_20050610.Quinton, P., N. Bland, et al., Police Stops, Decision-making and Practice. (London, HomeOffice, 2000).Ramirez, Deborah, Jennifer Hoopes, and Tara Lai Quinlan, “Defining Racial Profilingin a Post-September 11 World.” American Criminal Law Review, 2003, Vol. 40:1195–1233.Spalek, Basia, El Awa, Salwa, and McDonald, Laura Zahra, “Police-Muslim Engagementand Partnerships for the Purposes of Counter-Terrorism: An Examination,” (Birmingham:Arts and Humanities Research Council, 2009). Available at: www.ahrc.ac.United Kingdom/News/Latest/Documents/rad%20islam%20Full%20Report%20may%2009.pdf.U.S. Customs Service, “Personal Searches of Air Passengers Results: Positive and Negative,Fiscal Year 1998,” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Customs Service, 1998).van der Torre, E.J and Ferwerda, H.B Preventief fouilleren, Een analyse van het procesen de externe effecten in tien gemeenten (Preventive searching, an analysis ofthe process and the external effects in ten municipalities), (The Hague: Beke:Arnhem, Politie & Wetenschap, Zeist 2005).Woodfield, Kandy, Spencer, Liz, Purdon, Susan et al., “Exploring the decision makingof Immigration Officers: a research study examining non-EEA passenger stopsand refusals at United Kingdom ports,” (London: Home Office, 2007). Availableat: www.homeoffice.gov.United Kingdom/rds/pdfs07/rdsolr0107.pdf.REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 203
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OPEN SOCIETY JUSTICE INITIATIVERedu
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described in this report. The case
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List of Case StudiesThe case studie
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UNITED KINGDOMAUSTRIA/BELGIUM/BULGA
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UNITED KINGDOMUNITED KINGDOMNETHERL
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The United Nations, the Council of
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I. Ethnic Profiling DefinedA Compre
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The use by the police, with no obje
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explicitly on their membership in a
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of the persons subjected thereto sh
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The impact of ethnic profiling on c
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of the ethnic minorities disproport
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II. A Holistic Approachto Reducing
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Law enforcement agencies are accoun
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III. Legal Standards andInstitution
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Criminal and Administrative Legal R
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ImmigrationThe Equality Act covers
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FRANCEObligation of Non-Discriminat
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General principles of good practice
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UNITED KINGDOMPolice and Criminal E
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has lasted for an hour, the examini
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In order to conduct a check using a
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the person could pose a threat to p
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Improving law enforcement relations
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IRELANDPolicing Plan 2008The Garda
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officer misconduct more than patter
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complaints commissions that include
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Civilian oversight can and should d
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In Ireland and Northern Ireland, po
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These case studies also demonstrate
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NETHERLANDSNational OmbudsmanThe Du
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UNITED KINGDOM / NORTHERN IRELANDNo
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DENMARKThe Danish Institute of Huma
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• the impact of race• the use o
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UNITED KINGDOMThe Communities and L
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used, such as those described below
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passengers at borders, although the
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UNITED KINGDOMMerseyside Police Rev
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Reducing Ethnic Profiling and Impro
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As the above examples indicate, dat
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Research Approaches and Methodologi
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Observational studies were pioneere
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The study revealed that in addition
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esponses, and in some cases, broad
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UNITED STATESAttitudinal Survey of
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UNITED KINGDOMThe Views of the Publ
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NORTHERN IRELANDBeyond the Margins:
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DENMARKMedia Reporting of Police St
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VI. Strategies for Reducing EthnicD
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people were stopped and valuable po
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only do so if the measure is determ
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Supervision and Oversight of Front-
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This is not to say that stop forms
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• Recording of self-defined ethni
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UNITED KINGDOM“Know Your Rights
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Prior to the ride-alongs, many Hung
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UNITED KINGDOMMonitoring the Qualit
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GREECEProhibition of Racist Languag
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This handbook recommends that law e
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Where possible, training should inc
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SWEDENPolice and Youth Sharing Expe
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Training in the Counter-radicalizat
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VIII. Changing Institutional Cultur
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and Wales have used the package. Mo
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NORTHERN IRELANDCreating a More Bal
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Moroccan man. Another minority offi
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other characteristics or values. Co
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Take steps to ensure that all parts
Page 154 and 155: Law enforcement agencies must be se
Page 156 and 157: A large number of Polish migrants h
Page 158 and 159: variety of individuals with “life
Page 160 and 161: UNITED KINGDOMCommunity Stop and Se
Page 162 and 163: their needs, and problems, and hear
Page 164 and 165: to travel as far as Liverpool to ac
Page 166 and 167: The strategy includes multiple init
Page 168 and 169: The website provides an interactive
Page 170 and 171: General principles of good practice
Page 173 and 174: Appendix A:Sample Stop Forms171
Page 175 and 176: REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EU
Page 185 and 186: Fuenlabrada, Spain Stop FormREDUCIN
Page 191: West Yorkshire Police Stop ReceiptR
Page 194 and 195: Covenant rights that are especially
Page 196 and 197: • Necessity: The use of ethnic pr
Page 198 and 199: The clear risk of arbitrariness in
Page 200 and 201: The Committee considers that identi
Page 202 and 203: adopted on June 29, 2007, CRI/Counc
Page 207 and 208: Notes1. Rebekah Delsol, Open Societ
Page 209 and 210: 13. A report of MI5’s behavioral
Page 211 and 212: 38. From the email text sent by Tem
Page 213 and 214: 57. R. Davis and P. Mateu-Gelabert,
Page 215 and 216: 88. Gillan and Quinton v. United Ki
Page 217 and 218: Ireland). Of the total number of co
Page 219 and 220: 139. For example, European Commissi
Page 221 and 222: 165. Open Society Justice Initiativ
Page 223 and 224: 197. These can be found at: http://
Page 225 and 226: 230. More information can be found
Page 227 and 228: 266. To undertake this kind of anal
Page 229 and 230: 279. In Rosalind Williams, Spanish
Page 232: Ethnic profiling by police in Europ
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