Reducing Ethnic Profiling in the European Union - Open Society ...

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Training in the Counter-radicalization ContextEfforts to identify individuals at risk of “radicalizing” towards support for or participationin violent terrorist activities have led to the development of a number of specializedtraining programs. These programs often look to Dutch and British experiences formodels and lessons, and have tended to focus primarily on al Qaeda-inspired terrorism.Counter-radicalization training programs often target a variety of actors beyond thepolice, including social workers, youth workers, teachers, and local authorities. Whentrainings focus heavily on the nature of religious practice as an indicator of radicalizationand a criterion for suspicion, they risk promoting rather than preventing ethnicprofiling. The connection between orthodox Islam and radicalization is not proven;indeed, prominent experts argue that strong religious faith is as much or more of aprotection against radicalization than they are a pathway towards it.Alternative approaches avoid promoting stereotypes that cast suspicion on Muslims.These provide information to law enforcement actors about the diversity of Islam,support police in scrutinizing their own preconceptions, and make them aware of thewide range of social, political, personal and other factors that underlie radicalizationprocesses. Given the considerable room for error and stereotyping when individualswho are not experts in this complex area seek to identify “potentially dangerous individuals,”these training programs also provide trainees with information about expertresources to turn to when they are suspicious about an individual or organization.NETHERLANDSAmsterdam’s Information House Training on Radicalization 219The information house (informatiehuishouding), a special unit within Amsterdam’sDepartment of Public Order, Safety and Security, provides training in recognizing anddealing with radicalizing youth for different professionals including social workers,teachers, youth workers, and others under the city’s anti-radicalization policy.The trainings discuss the varied contexts and processes of radicalizations. Theyexplore a range of frustrations experienced by individuals, which might constitutethe “breeding ground” of radicalization including a strong perception of discrimination,injustice, humiliation, alienation, double standards, hostile media, and religiouspersecution. 220132 TRAINING
Trainings explain the tenants of jihadi ideology and discuss the difference betweenorthodox religious practices and violent extremist ideology. They teach local actorsto engage in questions of religion, philosophy, and morality, and to feel comfortabletalking about these issues and to listen to what individuals are saying. Theyencourage individuals to listen to their instincts and not to be afraid to contact theinformatiehuishouding with questions. The trainers are themselves Muslims.BELGIUMIn-House Expertise on Islam 221The Belgian Federal Judicial Police has two experts on Islam (trained in Islamic andArabic studies) who provide advice and training to police with counter-terrorismresponsibilities. The specialists provide a one-day course titled “Islam from Mainstreamto Extreme,” which is obligatory for counter-terrorism investigators.The course provides police with information about Islam. It challenges participants’stereotypes and encourages them not to rely on these in making assessments of individualsor organizations who might pose a threat. When they are not sure whether aparticular situation is suspicious, police are encouraged to take detailed note of thesituation and to consult with the specialists.General principles of good practice in training to reduce ethnic profiling:Training should address ethnic profiling explicitly.Training should be practical and focus on the use of powers where ethnic profilingmay arise.Patrol officers and supervisors should both receive practical training on means toaddress ethnic profiling in their respective roles .Training should be complemented through supervision, monitoring, and incentivestructures that reinforce the same non-discrimination values.Community members should be involved in the design and delivery of training.REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 133
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OPEN SOCIETY JUSTICE INITIATIVERedu
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described in this report. The case
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List of Case StudiesThe case studie
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UNITED KINGDOMAUSTRIA/BELGIUM/BULGA
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UNITED KINGDOMUNITED KINGDOMNETHERL
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The United Nations, the Council of
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I. Ethnic Profiling DefinedA Compre
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The use by the police, with no obje
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explicitly on their membership in a
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of the persons subjected thereto sh
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The impact of ethnic profiling on c
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of the ethnic minorities disproport
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II. A Holistic Approachto Reducing
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Law enforcement agencies are accoun
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III. Legal Standards andInstitution
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Criminal and Administrative Legal R
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ImmigrationThe Equality Act covers
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FRANCEObligation of Non-Discriminat
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General principles of good practice
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UNITED KINGDOMPolice and Criminal E
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has lasted for an hour, the examini
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In order to conduct a check using a
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the person could pose a threat to p
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Improving law enforcement relations
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IRELANDPolicing Plan 2008The Garda
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officer misconduct more than patter
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complaints commissions that include
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Civilian oversight can and should d
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In Ireland and Northern Ireland, po
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These case studies also demonstrate
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NETHERLANDSNational OmbudsmanThe Du
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UNITED KINGDOM / NORTHERN IRELANDNo
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DENMARKThe Danish Institute of Huma
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• the impact of race• the use o
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UNITED KINGDOMThe Communities and L
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used, such as those described below
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passengers at borders, although the
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UNITED KINGDOMMerseyside Police Rev
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Page 86 and 87: As the above examples indicate, dat
Page 88 and 89: Research Approaches and Methodologi
Page 90 and 91: Observational studies were pioneere
Page 92 and 93: The study revealed that in addition
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Page 98 and 99: UNITED KINGDOMThe Views of the Publ
Page 100 and 101: NORTHERN IRELANDBeyond the Margins:
Page 102 and 103: DENMARKMedia Reporting of Police St
Page 105 and 106: VI. Strategies for Reducing EthnicD
Page 107 and 108: people were stopped and valuable po
Page 109 and 110: only do so if the measure is determ
Page 111 and 112: Supervision and Oversight of Front-
Page 113 and 114: This is not to say that stop forms
Page 115 and 116: • Recording of self-defined ethni
Page 117 and 118: UNITED KINGDOM“Know Your Rights
Page 119 and 120: Prior to the ride-alongs, many Hung
Page 121 and 122: General principles of good practice
Page 123 and 124: UNITED KINGDOMMonitoring the Qualit
Page 125: GREECEProhibition of Racist Languag
Page 128 and 129: This handbook recommends that law e
Page 130 and 131: Where possible, training should inc
Page 132 and 133: SWEDENPolice and Youth Sharing Expe
Page 137 and 138: VIII. Changing Institutional Cultur
Page 139 and 140: and Wales have used the package. Mo
Page 141 and 142: NORTHERN IRELANDCreating a More Bal
Page 143 and 144: Moroccan man. Another minority offi
Page 147: General principles of good practice
Page 150 and 151: other characteristics or values. Co
Page 152 and 153: Take steps to ensure that all parts
Page 154 and 155: Law enforcement agencies must be se
Page 156 and 157: A large number of Polish migrants h
Page 158 and 159: variety of individuals with “life
Page 160 and 161: UNITED KINGDOMCommunity Stop and Se
Page 162 and 163: their needs, and problems, and hear
Page 164 and 165: to travel as far as Liverpool to ac
Page 166 and 167: The strategy includes multiple init
Page 168 and 169: The website provides an interactive
Page 173 and 174: Appendix A:Sample Stop Forms171
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Fuenlabrada, Spain Stop FormREDUCIN
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REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EU
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REDUCING ETHNIC PROFILING IN THE EU
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West Yorkshire Police Stop ReceiptR
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Covenant rights that are especially
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• Necessity: The use of ethnic pr
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The clear risk of arbitrariness in
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The Committee considers that identi
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adopted on June 29, 2007, CRI/Counc
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European Union Fundamental Rights A
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Notes1. Rebekah Delsol, Open Societ
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13. A report of MI5’s behavioral
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38. From the email text sent by Tem
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57. R. Davis and P. Mateu-Gelabert,
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88. Gillan and Quinton v. United Ki
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Ireland). Of the total number of co
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139. For example, European Commissi
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165. Open Society Justice Initiativ
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197. These can be found at: http://
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230. More information can be found
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266. To undertake this kind of anal
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279. In Rosalind Williams, Spanish
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Ethnic profiling by police in Europ
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