ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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108Artificial Insemination in Farm AnimalsLactation length (days)PrimiparousPluriparousN LS N LS8 to 13 1,074 10.34 ± 0.9 a 3,513 10.70 ± 0.5 a14 and 15 2,911 10.41 ± 0.5 a 13,951 11.16 ± 0.2 b16 and 17 2,249 10.46 ± 0.6 a 16,095 11.15 ± 0.2 b18 to 21 2,987 10.68 ± 0.5 b 24,069 11.34 ± 0.1 c22 to 25 1,186 11.43 ± 0.8 c 8,692 11.87 ± 0.3 dTotal 10,867 10.86 ± 0.3 68,862 11.44 ± 0.1Table 8. Average of litter size (LS) of primiparous and pluriparous sows submitted todifferent lactation lengths and respective parity number (N). Averages with different lettersin the same column differ (P
Artificial Insemination in Swine 109Another aspect that should be observed in artificial insemination programs is the thermalcondition of the environment to which the animal is submitted. The high temperaturesreduce the efficiency of the heat loss, as making the animal to enter a hyperthermal state.This condition leads to embryonic mortality at the initial gestation stage. A surveyaccomplished with 100,934 parturitions in a tropical climate area shows the size of the litterto be significantly smaller in the hottest months of the year (Table 10). In the same way, intemperate area (Mediterranean conditions), the efficiency of the IA (parturition rate andlitter size) is lower in summer-autumn season. Additionally, the administration ofexogenous hormones (eCG and hCG) in the attempt to improve the ovulation rate proved tohave no effects during this period (Bolarín et al., 2009).However, when the environmental temperature becomes a restrictive factor for theembryonic viability, there are some alternatives to minimize the thermal effect. Theventilation, the floor cooling and the use of nebulization could partially reduce the adverseeffect of the temperature on sow. This practice is applicable, mainly in tropical countrieswhere the hangars for animals are open and exposed to adverse effects of the climate. Adultanimals can have their critical temperature increased, that is, their resistance to heat isincreased up to 2 o C when they are submitted to ventilation from fans within facilities (Nääs,2000).Another aspect to be considered in AI is the efficiency in detecting the estrus. For theobtainment of indexes compatible with the goals established by the reproductive program, itis necessary to observe the IA ideal moment, as considering both estrus and ovulation. Thiscondition is important, since a long IA - ovulation interval reduces the gestation rate, theembryonic survival and the litter size (Spencer et al., 2010).The insemination protocol (AI moment) is defined as a function of the estrus beginning.Thus, more important than to find a sow under estrus is to detect the beginning of the sameone. However, even with a good management in detection of the estrus, many times thebeginning of this one is not characterized, taking into account that it might have happenedduring night. This fact can be the responsible for the highest incidence of the estrus detectedat the beginning of the morning and not during afternoon. In a study conducted by ourwork group (Pinheiro, 2000), we verified that 16.66% of the estrus were initially detected at15:30 hours. However, at 7:30 and 23:30 the estrus were detected in 44.44 and 38.88% of theanimals. Therefore, 83.24% initial detections of the estrus occur in the morning, taking intoaccount there is no routine at the farms for night detection.Considering the importance of the initial detection of the estrus, it is worth to emphasizethat some animals do not accept promptly the natural mating even when they are in estrus.However, when insisting with detection incentive, the animal presents the immobilityreflex. So, it is very important a careful detection, mainly in females that already presentmodifications such as the vulva edema.When the gilts are housed in stalls, the introduction of the teaser is recommended in thosestalls, on the beginning of the morning and on the end of the afternoon, in order to detectthe females in estrus. Those females presenting immobility to natural mating, a behaviorknown as reflex of tolerance to male (RTM), are considered to be in estrus. However, specialattention should be given when RTM does not occur in females that already presentmodifications such as the vulva edema. In this case, we recommend to take the female tostall of the teaser it can be carefully evaluated.Though, the management of the estrus detection in primiparous and pluriparous femalesare differentiated. After weaning of the litter, the females are housed in collective stalls or
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VIContentsChapter 9Evaluation of a
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XPrefaceless stress to the female,
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ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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