ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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194Artificial Insemination in Farm Animalsthe possibility of physical damage. In samples other than semen, this problem can beovercome by a technique termed seeding, which is designed to induce ice formation moregradually over a greater temperature range. However, there is little or no evidence thatseeding a semen sample during the freezing process has any advantageous effects. Thesecond area of concern is known to have a significant effect on spermatozoan function postthaw. In an attempt to overcome some of these problems, the use of CPA has beeninvestigated. Cryoprotectants may be divided into either penetrating or non-penetratingdepending on their action. Penetrating cryoprotectants are able to penetrate the plasmamembrane of the spermatozoa and, therefore, act intracellularly as well as extracellularly.The second type of CPA is non-penetrating and can only act extracellularly.Glycerol remains to be one of the most favored CPA, especially with bovine semen. It is apenetrating cryoprotectant, acting as a solvent and readily taken up by spermatozoa,entering the cell within one minute of addition to the surrounding medium (Pickett andAmann, 1993). Its presence, both intra- and extracellularly, acts to lower the freezing pointof the medium to a temperature much lower than that of water. This in turn reduces theproportion of the medium which is frozen at any one time, reducing the effect of lowtemperature on solute concentrations and hence on osmotic pressure differences (Amannand Pickett, 1987; Medeiros et al, 2002; Watson and Duncan, 1988). It also provides channelsof unfrozen medium, between ice crystals, in which spermatozoa may exist while at lowtemperatures. A further effect of glycerol may be a salt buffering action. Other penetratingCPAs include dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and propylene glycol. Non-penetrating CPAsinclude sugars like lactose, mannose, raffinose, trehalose and proteins, such as egg yolklipoprotein. These CPAs are believed to act by increasing the osmotic pressure of theextracellular fluid and hence drawing water out of the spermatozoa, thereby decreasing therisk of formation of ice crystals and hence physical damage. However, they do not alleviate,and may even exacerbate the problem of dehydration and increases in solute concentration(Steinmann, 1996).Other alternatives have been used as CPA, including Orvus ES paste, a mix of anionicdetergents, and the synthetic detergent OEP, an amino-sodium lauryl sulphate. OEPapparently alters the composition of egg yolk, improving its cryprotectant properties. Itsinclusion was initially tried in extenders for use with boar semen with some success. It wasused in an extender containing 5% egg yolk, 2.5% glycerol at 0.4% proportion of OEP, alongwith lactose, fructose, glucose, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium citrate andsodium bicarbonate (Christanelli et al, 1984).Both penetrating and non-penetrating CPAs themselves were later on known to cause someform of damage to the spermatozoa (Fiser et al, 1991). This was believed to be either due tophysical damage as a result of the changes in osmotic pressure gradients or to biochemicaldisruption of subcellular components. The addition of cryoprotectant such as glycerol has amore adverse effect on motility than on mortality or fertility (Blach et al, 1989). A study wascarried out in stallion semen sample (n=41) to compare two freezing techniques (cooling at+4°C for 2.5 hrs, suspending the straws on a rack in a Styrofoam box 3cm above liquidnitrogen for 7 minutes followed by plunging the straws in to the liquid nitrogen; andprogrammable freezer; IceCube 14S, Vers. 1.30, SY-LAB Gerate GmbH, Austria) using anextender containing egg yolk and glycerol (Gent extender, Minitube Int., Germany). Themean (±SD) total motility for samples frozen in liquid nitrogen was 32.8 ±13% (range=5-55%) while the mean (±SD) live percent was 43.3 ±13% (range=14-63%). Total motility andlive sperm percent were also highly correlated (Fig.-1) in the samples frozen by liquid
Effect of Cryopreservation on Sperm Quality and Fertility 195nitrogen. Though greater numbers of sperms were live, not all were found to be motile inboth methods of freezing. Conversely, other studies indicate that the use of motility as anindication of viability is not a very accurate assessment in post–thaw samples. This isbelieved to be because of a greater detrimental effect of cryopreservation agent on themitochondria than on the acrosome region of the spermatozoan head. The detrimental effectof glycerol on such function is apparently more evident in stallions than in other speciessuch as bull.6050Total motility [%]40302010R Sq Linear = 0.542095% confindence10203040Live/Dead percent [%]Fig. 1. Correlation between total motility and live/dead percent of stallion semen preservedin Gent extender containing egg yolk and glycerol preserved using liquid nitrogenA further detrimental effect of the use of glycerol is the rapid efflux of glycerol from thespermatozoa into the glycerol-free secretions of the female’s tract at insemination. This rapidexit across the plasma membrane is also believed to cause damage to the spermatozoa and,hence, loss of sperm function (Pickett and Amann, 1993). This accounts in part for theapparent poor positive correlation between motility and fertilization rates in post thawequine spermatozoa. Computer-automated sperm head morphometry has been used todetermine the effects of cryopreservation on bovine sperm head. The protocol for the use ofcryoprotectants is ultimately a compromise between the advantages and detrimental effectsof their incorporation. Consequently, the exact protocol may vary with individual breedingmales in order to obtain optimal results. However, such individual tailoring is not practicalin a commercial situation and hence further compromise is normally required.506070
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VIContentsChapter 9Evaluation of a
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