ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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218Artificial Insemination in Farm AnimalsSantos et al., 2008, Doreau et al., 2011). However, it is possible that some specific PUFAsmay pass intact the reticulo-rumen and be absorbed from the small intestine, allowing inthis way the improvement of reproductive efficiency directly on the target tissue of thereproductive system of the female (autocrine or paracrine) or by an indirect effect mediatedby the endocrine system (Staples & Thatcher, 2005).Fat sourceFatty acidC14:0 C16:0 C16:1 C18:0 C18:1 C18:2 C18:3Myristic PalmiticPalmitoleicStearic Oleic Linoleic LinolenicTallow 3 25 3 18 43 3.8
Effect of Fatty Acids on Reproductive Performance of Ruminants 219al., 2000). Potential mechanisms may include increment of energy density of the ration(Ferguson et al., 1990), even when for some workers (Williams & Amstalden, 2010), theeffect of fat supplementation on reproduction is independent of the energy density of rationor of changes in live weight of animals. Considering all the above described, the aim of thisreview is to examine some of the reproductive processes in the bovine and ovine femaleswhich could be regulated or modified by the inclusion of lipids in the ration.2. Effect of lipid supplementation on pregnancy rateIncorporation of lipids in rations for dairy cattle usually increases energy density of rationand improves lactation and reproductive performance (Funston, 2004). However, when theyare supplied in early lactation, frequently there is a reduction in feed intake due to areduction in dry matter digestibility and to an increase in energy of greater availability, sowhen lipids are supplied in the early postpartum period, there is little alteration in theenergy status of the animal even when a higher energy density ration is consumed (Santoset al., 2008).Then, if dietary fat does not alter the energy status of dairy cows, reproductive responseresults more from the supply of some fatty acids, than from the effect of the energy supplyper se (Staples et al., 1998, Williams & Amstaldem, 2010).There are several studies that report a better reproductive performance in cows fedsupplementary lipids. In this respect, Staples et al. (1998), showed that lipid consumptionexerted a positive effect on reproductive aspects in dairy cows (Table 2). In beef cattle, thesame trend has been observed. It is in this context that, de Fries et al. (1998) reported thatBrahman cows consuming 5.2% lipids in the ration showed a trend towards an increase inpregnancy rate than those cows which consumed only 3.7% lipids in the ration. Ferguson etal. (1990) observed a 2.2 times increase in the possibility of pregnancy in lactating cowsconsuming 0.5 kg lipids per day. In another study, it was demonstrated that grazing cowssupplemented with fat, pregnancy rate at first service was 16% higher than in cows whichdid not receive fat in the ration (Bader et al., 2000).Bellows et al., (2001) observed that supplementation with safflower seed, soyabeans, orsunflower seed (4.7, 3.8 and 5.1% fat in the ration, respectively) for the last 65 days beforecalving increased subsequent pregnancy rates (94%, 90% and 91%, respectively) of first-calfbeef heifers compared with the control (79 %) that received only 2.4 % fat in the ration. Inanother study Bellows et al., (2001), using good quality forage and a higher amount of fat inthe ration (6.5%) during 68 days before calving, was unable to improve pregnancy ratesrelative to a control ration (2.2% fat), this result indicates that when adequate nutrients areavailable, the effect of supplemental fat may be masked.Grazing Holstein cows which were supplemented for 103 days, as from day 10 post-partum,with two sources of bypass fat Megalac plus 3% (MP; 0.4 kg/day, containing Ca salts ofpalm fatty acids and Ca salts of methionine hydroxy analogue) and Megapro Gold (MPG;1.5 kg/day, containing Ca salt of palm fatty acids, extracted rapeseed meal and wheypermeate), MPG increased (P
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VIContentsChapter 9Evaluation of a
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XPrefaceless stress to the female,
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ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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