ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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216Artificial Insemination in Farm AnimalsSamper JC, 2001. Management and fertility of mares bred with frozen semen. Anim. Reprod.Sci; 68:219-228Shannon P, and R Vishwanath, 1995. The effect of optimal and suboptimal concentrations ofsperm on the fertility of fresh and frozen bovine semen and a theoretical model toexplain the fertility differences. Anim. Reprod. Sci.; 39:1-10.Squires, EL, SL Keith, and JK Graham, 2004. Evaluation of alternative cryoprotectants forpreserving stallion spermatozoa. Theriogenol.; 62:1056-1065Steinmann H, 1996. Use of trehalose as a cryoprotectant in the freezing of stallion semen. Alaboratory study. Thesis, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Germany.Thomas CA, DL Garner, JM DeJarnette, and CE Marshall, 1998. Effect of cryopreservationon bovine sperm organelle function and viability as determined by flow cytometry.Biol Reprod 58:786-793.Thomas, AD, SA Meyers and BA Ball, 2006. Capacitation-like changes in equinespermatozoa following cryopreservation. Theriogenol., 65: 1531-1550Tsega A and A Lemma, 2009. Study on breeding soundness and fertility of senar jackass(Equus asinus) in North Gondar. As part of MSc thesis, Faculty of <strong>Vet</strong>. Medicine,Addis Ababa University.Varner DD, TL Blanchard, PJ Meyers, SA Meyers, 1989. Fertilizing capacity of equinespermatozoa stored for 24 h at 5 or 20°C. Theriogenol.; 32: 515-525Varner DD and L Johnson, 2007. From a Sperm's Eye View: Revisiting our perception of thisintriguing cell. AAEP Proceedings; 53:104-177Watson PF and AG Duncan, 1988. Effect of salt concentration and unfrozen water fractionon the viability of slowly frozen ram spermatozoa. Cryobiology; 25:131-142.Watson PF, 1990. AI and the preservation of semen. In: Lamming, GE (ed.) Marshall’sPhysiology of Reproduction, Volume 2, Male Reproduction. Churchill, Livingstone,London, pp. 747-869Watson PF, 2000. The causes of reduce fertility with cryopreserved semen. Anim. Reprod.Sci.; 60:481-92,Wessel, MT and BA Ball, 2004. Step-wise dilution for removal of glycerol from fresh andcryopreserved equine spermatozoa. Anim. Reprod. Sci.; 84:147-156Woelders H, 1997. Fundamentals and recent development in cryopreservation of bull andboar semen. <strong>Vet</strong>. Quart.; 19:135-138Woelders H and A Chaveiro, 2004. Theoretical prediction of 'optimal' freezing programmes.Cryobiology; 49:258-271Wongtawan T, F Saravia, M Wallgren, I Caballero and H Rodriguez-Martinez, 2006. Fertilityafter deep intra-uterine artificial insemination of concentrated low-volume boarsemen doses. Theriogenol.; 65:773-787.
13Effect of Fatty Acids on ReproductivePerformance of RuminantsHerrera-Camacho, José 1 , Soberano-Martínez, Alejandra 1 , Orozco Durán,Karlos Edmundo 2 , Aguilar-Pérez, Carlos 2 and Ku-Vera, Juan Carlos 21 Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y ForestalesUniversidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo2 Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y AgropecuariasUniversidad Autónoma de YucatánMéxico1. IntroductionDifferent types of fats have been utilized in an attempt to improve reproductive function inruminant animals. Fatty acids derived from plants and oil seeds have exerted a majorimpact on reproductive performance, some of the most common sources include sunflower,linseed, cottonseed, rapeseed and soyabean. Animal fat (tallow) and calcium salts ofsaturated fatty acids may escape in a significant percentage rumen hydrogenation to beincorporated into adipose tissue and milk. Fish by-products contain a high proportion ofpolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and pass without being altered in the rumen exertingno effects on rumen fermentation. Each dietary source of fat varies regarding composition ofspecific fatty acids (Table 1).Early studies of the effect of fat in the ration on reproductive performance were carried outby Burr & Burr (1930), who observed that fat deficiency in the ration of growing ratsinduced alterations in ovulation rate and on the onset of oestrus, while lipidsupplementation reestablished reproductive performance of the females, coining theconcept of essential fatty acids. In later studies, research was aimed at evaluating the effectof fat supplementation in different animal species both ruminant and non-ruminant, onreproductive aspects such as the establishment of puberty (Smith et al., 1989), semenproduction (Castellano et al., 2010), maternal recognition of pregnancy (Abayasekara &Wathes, 1999, Filley et al., 2000, Lopes et al., 2009) by means of the suppression of luteolyticsignals (Mattos et al., 2000), restart of ovarian activity after parturition (de Fries et al., 1998),follicle development, quality of oocytes (Staples & Thatcher, 2005; Bilby et al., 2006c), and ofthe embryo (Cerri et al., 2009), modification in the mechanism of synthesis and secretion ofhormones involved in reproductive processes (Staples et al., 1998) and on productionaspects such as quality of milk (Rego et al., 2004; Bernal et al., 2010) or meat (Wood et al.,2003). Due to the fact that some fatty acids (FA) are essential for mammals and to the role offatty acids on reproductive processes, it is possible that cattle reproduction will beinfluenced more by the type of lipids consumed than for the total lipid intake. This isparticularly important since ruminants hydrogenate PUFAs in the rumen, limiting theamount of PUFAs that are absorbed from the small intestine (Thatcher & Staples, 2007,
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ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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