ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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164Artificial Insemination in Farm Animalsthe uterus can be observed. In the twenty-second day you can hear the heartbeat with thethirtieth day embryo and fetus is very visible.Rectal palpation of the fetus relies on the ability to detect the presence of a fetus growing inone of the uterine horns by inserting the arm into the rectum of the cow. This can be adangerous procedure, since trauma can be generated in both the cow and the fetus and musttherefore be done by a trained examiner. In non pregnant animal and the animal in earlypregnancy, the uterine horns can be felt in size and approximately equal diameters. It ispossible to detect a difference in the size of the two uterine horns from 35-40 days ofgestation forward.The identification of components produced by the fetus, rather than the mother, hasadvantages in the diagnosis of pregnancy. Estrogens are produced by the bovine fetus andthe concentrations of estrone sulfate in maternal plasma increases from the seventeenth dayof gestation. The content of estrone sulfate in milk reflects the plasma and estrone sulfatetest positive at 15 weeks of gestation provides 100% effective diagnosis of pregnancy. Inmost cases, detection of non-pregnancy at this late stage is of little value in reproductivemanagement, but can be used as a confirmatory test after diagnosis of early pregnancy.The mammogensis or mammary gland development as a result of pregnancy can bedetected in heifers as early as four months of pregnancy. Promoters like growth steroids canstimulate similar changes which may be a confounding factor. It is only during the last daysof gestation, when the udder is distended with colostrum, the breast development may beregarded as accurate diagnosis of pregnancy.The abdomen of the pregnant animal is getting distended around the seventh month ofpregnancy. If a hand is pushed firmly against the right side of the abdomen, the fetus cansometimes be felt rebounding against the hand. It is not a reliable indicator of pregnancy.Pregnancy diagnosis is a vital aid for reproductive management and must be sought thebest combination of earliness and accuracy.10. Calving rateCows get pregnant has always been and will remain the major challenge of cattle. Over theyears many methods evaluation were developed, but, unfortunately, with the interval betweendata calving, days in milk at first AI, percentage of pregnant cows on visit the veterinarian andthe first AI conception do not tell the whole story, that is, do not reflect reality.Averages can leave much to be desired, especially when analyzing calving interval. Twoherds may have intervals of 13 months births, but in the herd A the cows were pregnant inthe early part and the remaining lactation and late lactation and few between. While in herdB pregnancies are distributed during lactation, and the vast majority of cows becomespregnant at the beginning of lactation and the rest evenly distributed during lactation. HerdB has a performance reproductive better, but the average interval between births of the twoherds is equal. The most reliable measure that reflects what is happening in the herd and hasresulted in the birth of calves is the calving rate.The calving rate is the percentage of cows calved in the total of pregnant cows at thebeginning of the breeding season. Even under ideal conditions with 100% of normal cowsand 100% efficiency in detection of estrus, farrowing rates will fail to reach 100%. Only 60-70% of inseminated cows produce a calf born alive and the great majority of failures occurbefore the second half of pregnancy. This is partly due to the failure of design and partly ofembryonic or fetal death. The proportions of embryonic or fetal death are far greater thanthe failures in the design and the vast majority of these occurred probably by genetic
Particularities of Bovine Artificial Insemination 165abnormalities in embryos, but this hypothesis has never been proven. The cause is probablymultifactorial, involving interactions between genetics, environment and management.11. ConclusionThe importance of reproductive efficiency in cattle production systems is directly tied to thesuccess of a program of insemination with calving and breeding seasons predetermined.The records of fertility are complex, but must be done and constantly updated so that allsteps of the breeding program of the property are met and at the end of the breeding season,is to obtain good rates with many calves born alive. This chapter dealt with the main stepsfor the success of a program of artificial insemination, and if they are properly followed, thebreeding season will be profitable.12. ReferencesBaruselli, P.S.; Reis, E.L.; Carvalho, N.A.T. & Carvalho, J.B.P. ECG increase ovulation rateand plasmatic progesterone concentration in Nelore (Bos indicus) heifers treatedwith progesterone releasing device. In: International Congress on AnimalReproduction, 2004.Britt, J. H. Impacts of early postpartum metabolism on follicular development and fertility.Bovine Proceedings, vol. 24, pp. 39-43, 1992.Butler, W.R. & Smith, R.D. Interrelationships between energy balance and postpartumreproductive function in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science. vol. 72, pp. 767-783,1989. ISSN 0022-0302.Caraviello, D.Z.; Weigel, K.A.; Fricke, P.M.; Wiltbank, M.C.; Florent, M.J.; Cook, N.B.;Nordlund, K.V.; Zwald, N.R. & Rawson. C.L. Survey of management practices onreproductive performance of dairy cattle on large U.S. commercial farms. Journal ofDairy Science. vol. 89, pp. 4723-4735, 2006. ISSN 0022-0302.Chebel, R.C., Santos, J.E.P.; Cerri, R.L.A.; Rutigliano, H.M. & Bruno, R.G.S. Reproduction indairy cows following progesterone insert presynchronization and resynchronizationprotocols. Journal of Dairy Science. vol. 89, pp. 4205-4219, 2006. ISSN 0022-0302.Dunn, T.G. & Moss, G.E. Effects of nutrient deficiencies and excesses on reproductive efficiencyof livestock. Journal of Animal Science. vol. 70, pp. 1580-1593, 1992. ISSN 0021-8812.Embrapa. Planejamento Sanitário de Gado de Corte. Available inhttp://www.cnpgc.embrapa.br. Access in: 07 de Abril de 2011.Flipot, P.M.; Roy, G.L. & Dufour, J.J. Effect of peripartum energy concentration onproduction performance of Holstein cows. Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 71, pp. 1840-50, 1988. ISSN 0022-0302.Galina, C.S.; Orihuela, A. & Bubio, I. Behavioural trends affecting oestrus detection in Zebucattle. Animal Reproduction Science. vol. 42, pp. 465-470, 1996. ISBN 0378-4320.Geary, T.W.; Ansotegui, R.P.; Roberts, A.J.; Waterman, R.C. Macneil, M.D.; Grings, E.E.;Thompson, B.D. & Lipsey, R.J. Effects of Flunixin Meglumini on pregnancyestablishment in beef cattle. Proc. West. Sec. Am. Soc. Journal of Animal Science. vol.56, pp.309-311, 2005. ISBN 0021-8812.Geary, T.W.; Downing, E.R.; Bruemmer, J.E. & Whitthier, J.C. Ovarian and estrous responseof suckled beef cows to the Select Synch estrous synchronization protocol. Prof.Journal of Animal Science. vol. 16, pp. 1-5, 2000. ISBN 0021-8812.Helmer, SD & Britt, JH. Mounting behavior as affected by stage of Estrous cycle in Holsteinheifers. Journal of Dairy Science. vol. 68, pp. 1290-1296, 1985. ISSN 0022-0302.
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ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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