ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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166Artificial Insemination in Farm AnimalsKunkle, W.E.; Sand, R.S. & Era, D.O. Effect of body condition on productivity in beef cattle. In:Fields, M.J. & Sands, R.S. (Ed.). Factors affecting calf crop. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1994.Lopez, H.Z.W.; Satter, L.D & Wiltbank, M.C. Effect of dietary phosphorus concentration onestrous behavior of lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology, vol. 61 pp. 437-445, 2004.ISSN 0093-691X.Lucy, M.C. Reproductive loss in high-producing dairy cattle: Where will it end Journal ofDairy Science. vol. 84, pp. 1277-1293, 2001. ISSN 0022-0302.Mizuta, K. Estudo comparativo dos aspectos comportamentais do estro e dos teoresplasmáticos de LH, FSH, progesterona e estradiol que precedem a ovulação emfêmeas bovinas Nelore (Bos taurus indicus), Angus (Bos taurus taurus) e Nelore XAngus (Bos taurus indicus X Bos taurus taurus). 2003. 98 f. Tese (Doutorado emReprodução Animal) – Faculdade de Medicina <strong>Vet</strong>erinária e Zootecnia,Universidade e São Paulo, São Paulo, 2003.Moraes, J.C.F.; Jaume, C.M. & Souza, C.J.H. Reproductive management of beef cow. Journalof Animal Reproduction, vol. 31, n. 2, pp. 160-166, 2007.Pinheiro, O.L.; Barros, C.M.; Figueredo, R.A.; Valle, E.R.; Encarnação, R.O. & Padovani, C.R.Estrous behavior and the estrus-to-ovulation interval in Nelore cattle (Bos indicus)with natural estrus or estrus induced with prostaglandin F2 alpha or norgestometand estradiol valerate. Theriogenology, vol. 49, pp. 667-81, 1998. ISSN 0093-691X.Santos, K.J.G. Estação de monta: Técnica para Melhorar e Eficiência Reprodutiva. Jornal dasCidades. São Luis Montes Belos-GO. 2003.Short, R.E. & Adams, D.C. Nutritional and hormonal interrelationships in beef cattlereproduction. Journal of Animal Science, vol. 68, pp. 29-39, 1988. ISSN 0021-8812.Short, R.E.; Grings, E.E.; MacNeill, M.D.; Heitschimidt, R.K. & Haferkamp, M.R. Effects ofsupplement, and sire breed of calf during fall grazing period on cow and calfperformance. Journal of Animal Science, vol. 74, pp. 1701-1710, 1996. ISSN 0021-8812.Staples, C.R.; Burke, J.M. & Tatcher, W.W. Influence of supplemental fats on reproductivetissues and performance of lactating cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 81: 856-871. 1998.ISSN 0022-0302.Staples, C.R.; Lucy, F.M.; Michael, M.C. & Thatcher, W.W. Energy balance and size andnumber of ovarian follicles detected by ultrasonography in early postpartum cows.Journal of Dairy Science, vol. 74, pp. 473-482, 1991. ISSN 0022-0302.Stevenson, J.S. Reproductive management of dairy cows in high milk-producing herds.Journal of Dairy Science. vol. 84, pp. 128-143, 2001. ISSN 0022-0302.Stevenson, J.S.; Kobayashi, Y. & Thompson, K.E. Reproductive performance of dairy cows invarious programmed breeding systems including Ovsynch and combination ofgonadrotopin-releasing hormone and prostaglandin F2. Journal of Dairy Science. vol.82, pp. 506-515, 1999. ISSN 0022-0302.Tenhagen, B.A.; Drillich, M.; Surholt, R. & Heuwieser, W. Comparison of timed AI aftersynchronized ovulation to AI at estrus: Reproductive and economic considerations.Journal of Dairy Science. vol. 87, pp. 85-94, 2004. ISSN 0022-0302.Vailes, L.D., & Britt, J.H. Influence of footing surface on mounting and other sexualbehaviors of estrual Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science. vol. 68, pp. 2333-2339,1990. ISSN 0021-8812.Walters, A.H. Analysis of early lactation reproductive characteristics in holstein cows. 2000.83 p. Thesis (M. Sc. in Dairy Science) − Virginia Polytechnic Institute and StateUniversity, Blacksburg, Virginia.Wright, I.A. & Russel, A.J.F. Partition of fat, body composition and body condition score inmature cows. Animal Production, Edinburgh, vol. 38, pp. 23-32, 1984.
11Management Factors Affecting Fertility in SheepPilar Santolaria, Inmaculada Palacin and Jesús YánizInstituto Universitario de Ciencias Ambientales y Departamento de Producción Animal yCiencia de los Alimentos. Escuela Politécnica Superior, HuescaUniversidad de ZaragozaSpain1. IntroductionAn Arab horse breeder in the early 13th century carried out the first insemination reported,by trapping stallion semen in wool placed in the vagina of a mare and transferring this tothe vagina of another mare (Heape, 1898). Later, in 1780, an Italian priest and physiologistnamed Lazzaro Spallanzani performed artificial insemination with dog semen, andrevolutionised the way scientists thought. Since then, scientist and farmers have striven toimprove this technology, motivated by the benefits that could be achieved. Sheep is oneof the species subsequently linked to this technology and in which many questions stillremain to be resolved to improve fertility. However, the potential impact of this techniqueon the genetic progress of sheep is high and further studies are needed to improve itsefficiency.In Spain, artificial insemination programmes in sheep are linked to the genetic selectionschemes of the breeds, but it has not been successfully integrated with reproductivetechnology on farms as happen in sows or cows. The technical difficulty and weak fertility,ranged between 15 to 60 % for pregnancy rate, limits its application. In Spain, mostcommercial programmes use refrigerated semen (15 degrees C) by superficial intracervicaldeposition (cervical), whereas the use of frozen-thawed semen by intrauterine deposition(laparoscopy) is more restricted. Cervical insemination with fresh semen is the main methodchosen due to its simplicity and satisfactory results. With the aim of improving its efficiency,this paper focuses on identifying the main management effects affecting AI results whenthis technology is applied.2. Female associated factorsManagement factors associated with artificial insemination in the ewe can modify fertility.In reproductive planning, intervals between lambings, season, age of ewe, heat stress,nutrition state or breed are some of the factors which have a great effect on fertility results.David et al. (2008), using a joint model combining two main traits, one relative to female andthe other relative to the male, reported that the main variation factors of AI success wererelative to non-sex-specific effects and to female effect, suggesting that choosing females toinseminate might slightly improve the AI results.
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