ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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72Artificial Insemination in Farm Animalsthe skill of the operator and on the anatomical features of the vagina, and varies usuallybetween 0.5-3 minutes, but it may be longer. In nervous bitches the administration of smalldoses of sedatives, such medetomidine, is advisable, although in not too high doses, as thecatheterisation should be done on standing bitch.Currently the vaginoscopic method of intrauterine insemination appears to be advantageousand useful technique of semen deposition in the uterine lumen in bitches. The techniquedemands skill but it is practical and quick to perform for experienced operators. The visualcontrol of introduction of the catheter into the uterus is the important advantage of thetechnique. The observation of the moments of semen deposition and control if there is nosemen backflow is therefore possible. Moreover, it allows also uterine sampling when afemale is suspected of infertility due to uterine disease (Thomassen & Farstad, 2009). Forthese reasons this method of intrauterine insemination is becoming more popular.5.4.3 Surgical techniqueSurgical insemination technique have been proposed once for frozen semen or when thebitch presents an anatomical obstruction that prevents the insertion of the catheter orendoscope. Both the laparoscopic approach and the laparotomy requires anaesthesia andgood surgical skills. The semen is introduced into the uterus by puncture of uterine wall orincision with a scapel and passage of a tom cat catheter (Farstad, 2010; Thomassen &Farstad, 2009). However, in such methods, semen deposition is performed only once.Some restrictions may exists to application of this method in different countries, that maycompromise the registration of litters obtained without fulfilment of the legal requirements,such as previous evaluation of the situation or previous authorization of the local KennelClub for the procedure. Furthermore, some ethical constraints have been raised regardingthe use of surgical techniques for AI in dogs. Surgery is an invasive procedure, so it isunlikely to carry it out in the best interest of the animal, and the possibility of transmissionof an undesirable trait in a particular animal genetic line should be kept in mind.6. Rules and regulations concerning the import or export of spermBefore implementing canine artificial insemination the owner and the clinician should beaware of the national or international regulations on semen import, if applicable, and of thelocal Kennel Club requirements respecting the use of canine AI and litter registration. Inaddition, procedures may differ between the use of national or imported semen.Consequently, attention should be paid well in advance to this matter.In the absence of a specific national regulation, most Kennel Clubs follows FCI (FédérationCynologique Internacionale) determinations for AI, transposed to the FCI InternationalRegulation for Breeding (http://www.fci.be/circulaires/102-2010-annex-fr.pdf). To ensurethat ethical issues are minimised, FCI recommends that AI should only be done in healthydogs with proven fertility (article number 13). In addition, in the introductory section of thisregulation, FCI specifically limit the use of dogs presenting diseases possible to betransmitted to following generations and those presenting major, eliminatory defects inregard to the breed standard. Furthermore, it presumes that the AI is performed by a<strong>Vet</strong>erinarian, which should certify the quality of the dog semen (either for the fresh and theprocessed semen, the later being certified in a standard document to be released uponsemen collection and preservation) and also to attest the Kennel club to the occurrence of anAI for a specific female. In both documents, correct identification of the animals (either the
Artificial Insemination in Dogs 73male or female) is mandatory, and can be obtained through the use of a tattoo or amicrochip. The time to submit the AI certificate may differ between national Kennel Clubs.In some countries the Club must be informed of the AI procedure within the first 2 weeks,whilst in others, only when the litter is to be registered.Besides regulations on performing AI to a bitch, attention must be paid to issues concerningthe semen collection and use. Besides the use of a recognisable male, with a certifiedpedigree, particular requirements may exist from national Kennel Clubs or the OfficialAgriculture entities, which may vary for chilled and frozen semen. In some situations thepermit to import dog semen is required, which may or may not need to be accompanied bya DNA sample, and a health certificate that may include blood testing against the mostimportant infectious or congenital canine diseases. Awareness of the latest officialrequirements is essential when considering semen international shipment. Additionalinformation on the shipment regulations may be obtained throught the references LindeForsberg, 2001, 2005b.7. ConclusionDemands for canine artificial insemination is growing worldwile together with an increaserequest for semen preservation in sperm banks. Furthermore, a tendency exists to increasethe demands for the use of frozen/thawed semen over fresh semen AI, as part of breedingtools for genetic improvement. Nowadays is possible to achieve adequate whelping ratesand litter sizes regardless of the type of semen used, as long as proper timing of AI andproper semen deposition are used. Client education and technical councelling mustcomplete the AI services to be offered by specialized practicioners, in particular whenbreeding a problematic bitch.8. AcknowledgmentsThe authors are greatly indebted to Dr Malgorzata Ochota for her valuable cooperationand thoughtful comments during language revision of this manuscript.9. ReferencesAmann R.P. (1986) Reproductive physiology and endocrinology of the dog, In Currenttherapy in theriogenology. 2 nd edition, Morrow D.A. (ed), 523-538, W.B. SaundersComp., ISBN 978-0721665801, Philadelphia.Andersen K. (1975) Insemination with frozen dog semen based on a new inseminationtechnique. Zuchthygiene, 10, 1-4.Bochenek M., Smorąg Z., & Pilch J. (2001) Sperm chromatin structure assay of bulls qualifiedfor artificial insemination. Theriogenology, 56, 557-567.Brittain D., Concannon P.W., Flanders J.A., Flahive W.J., Lewis B.L., Meyers-Wallen V., &Moise N.S. (1995) Use of surgical intrauterine insemination to manage infertility ina colony of research German Shepherd dogs. Lab. Anim. Sci., 45, 404-407.Chohan K.R., Griffin J.T., Lafromboise M., De Jonge C.J. & Carrell D.T. (2006) Comparison ofchromatin assays for DNA fragmentation evaluation in human sperm. J. Androl., 27,53-59.Christiansen I.J. (1984) Reproduction in the Dog & Cat. Bailliere Tindall, ISBN 978-0702009181,London.
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ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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