ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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88Artificial Insemination in Farm Animalsthawing are time consuming processes, restricting the use of frozen semen for specificindications, such as long transport times and conservation of valuable genetic material.5. Insemination strategiesThe management of AI is very important to determine the success of the procedure and thereproductive performance of the sows. Estrus control, timing and number of inseminations,the technique of AI, semen storage on farm and the use of new AI technologies, all require aspecialized knowledge of pig reproductive physiology. The following measures could betaken to optimize the efficiency of AI on pig herds.5.1 Boar stimuliCorrect timing of insemination requires careful detection of oestrus at regular intervals. Boarstimuli are important in promoting follicular development and expression of oestrusbehaviour (Langendijk et al., 2006). Additionally, a high level of boar stimuli increases thefrequency of uterine contractions, indicating a supportive role for passive sperm transportthrough the long uterine horns at the time of insemination. This effect can only be partiallymimicked by a robot teaser boar which emits olfactory, acoustic and visual boar cues(Gerritsen al., 2005). Increase of oxytocin concentrations in peripheral blood plasma occursin immediate response to boar presence and lasts for approximately 10 min (Langendijk etal., 2003). Therefore, exposure of sows to a boar during both back pressure testing andinsemination is crucial.5.2 Timing of inseminationMany studies have investigated time-relationships between oestrus, ovulation, inseminationand fertilization using ultrasound testing. The key observation is that ovulation occurs at thebeginning of the last third of oestrus regardless of the overall duration of oestrus. Preciseprediction of the time of spontaneous ovulation in individual pigs has not yet beenachieved. However, prediction of oestrus duration by observing the onset of oestrus afterweaning has found broad acceptance in AI practice for calculation of the expected time ofovulation (Weitze et al., 1994). AI should be timed as close as possible to ovulation,preferably within 12 to 24 h before ovulation. The benefit of ultrasound testing of ovarianmorphology for pig fertility management has been shown in practice (de Jong et al., 2009).Determination of the time of ovulation in relation to oestrus behaviour and AI managementin representative numbers of sows on consecutive days has a great potential to provideshort cuts in AI timing and to develop farm-specific strategies for improvement of AImanagement.5.3 Use of new AI technologiesThe development of techniques to inseminate with low numbers of spermatozoa in a smallvolume has increased insemination efficiency. This is particularly interesting when usingspermatozoa of high value that are impaired, e.g. by freezing and thawing or sex-sorting.Post-cervical or intrauterine insemination with several devices has been developed totraverse the cervix and deposit sperm in the uterine body or posterior horn of multiparoussows. Compared to standard transcervical AI, post-cervical AI allows a threefold reductionin the numbers of spermatozoa to be inseminated, whereas deep intrauterine AI allows a 5
Artificial Insemination in Pigs 89to 20 fold reduction (Vazquez et al., 2008). The use of post-cervical insemination variesamong and within countries. Limits may arise from the use in sows only, skills needed forcatheter handling, and the possibility of damaging cervical or uterine tissue. Semenencapsulation in a barium alginate membrane has been demonstrated to allow a singleinsemination (Vigo et al., 2009). Laparoscopy offers the possibility of inseminating a verylow number of spermatozoa (i.e. 0.3 x 10 6 ) into the oviduct in anaesthetized pigs. However,the risk of polyspermic fertilization is substantial. Due to surgical intervention, its use is notappropriate in practice.6. ConclusionsAI of swine is widely practiced and is a very useful tool to introduce superior genes intosow herds, with minimal risk for disease transmission. In practice, fresh diluted semen (3billion spermatozoa in 80-100 ml) is mostly used for intracervical insemination .The successof AI is largely determined by the semen quality and the insemination procedure. Differentparameters and techniques can be used to assess semen quality. Although more advancedtechnologies offer more accurate information, in commercial AI centres, semen quality isassessed based predominantly on concentration, morphology and motility using simple,cheap and practically easy-to-perform techniques. Critical issues for AI involve oestrusdetection in the sow, timing of insemination and applying strict hygiene measures. Futuredevelopments will focus on new technologies to better assess semen quality in practice, topreserve semen for a longer time and to inseminate sows successfully using a lower numberof spermatozoa using new AI techniques.7. ReferencesAlm, K.; Peltoniemi, O.; Koskinen, E. & Andersson, M. (2006). Porcine field fertility with twodifferent insemination doses and the effect of sperm morphology. Reproduction inDomestic Animals, Vol.41, pp. 210-213, ISSN 0936-6768Althouse, G. (2008). Sanitary procedures for the production of extended semen. Reproductionin Domestic Animals, Vol.43, pp. 374-378, ISSN 0936-6768Althouse, G. & Hopkins, S. (1995). Assessment of boar sperm viability using a combinationof two fluorophores. Theriogenology, Vol.43, pp. 595-603, ISSN 0093-691XAlthouse, G.; Kuster, C.; Clark, S. & Weisiger, R. (2000). Field investigations of bacterialcontaminants and their effects on extended porcine semen. Theriogenology, Vol.53,pp. 1167-1176, ISSN 0093-691XAlthouse, G. & Lu, K. (2005). Bacteriospermia in extended porcine semen. Theriogenology,Vol.63, pp. 573-584, ISSN 0093-691XAlthouse, G.; Wilson, M.; Kuster, C. & Parsley, M. (1998). Characterisation of lowertemperature storage limitations of fresh-extended porcine semen. Theriogenology,Vol.50, pp. 535-543, ISSN 0093-691XAmann, R. (2009). Considerations in evaluating human spermatogenesis on the basis of totalsperm per ejaculate. Journal of Andrology, Vol.30, pp. 626-641, ISSN 0196-3635Barrabes Aneas, S.; Gary, B. & Bouvier, B. (2008). Collectis® automated boar collectiontechnology. Theriogenology, Vol.70, pp. 1368–1373, ISSN 0093-691XBathgate, R.; Maxwell, W. & Evans, G. (2006). Studies on the effect of supplementing boarsemen cryopreservation media with different avian egg yolk types on in vitro post-
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ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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