ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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198Artificial Insemination in Farm Animals8075HOST reaction in frozen thawed semen [%]70656055504540353020 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Alteration of acrosome in frozen thawed bull semen [%]Fig. 2. Correlation between HOST reaction and alteration of acrosomal integrity in frozenthawedbull semen (n = 36; r= -0.45; p
Effect of Cryopreservation on Sperm Quality and Fertility 199cholesterol in which higher concentration of phospholipids results in a more fluidmembrane, and the temperature of the membrane. As membranes are cooled, lipidsundergo transition from their normal fluid state to a liquid crystalline state, in which thefatty acyl chains become disordered (Medeiros et al, 2002; Parks and Lynch, 1992; Watson,2000). During freezing this liquid crystalline state is transformed to a gel state where thefatty acyl chains become re-ordered in a parallel fashion producing a rigid structure. Thephase transition temperature for these changes varies with different lipids and dependsupon their structures. In general, the longer the fatty acyl chains, the higher is the phasetransition temperature. As each lipid class within a membrane reaches its phase transitiontemperature it conforms to the gel configuration and tends to aggregate together with othersimilarly conformed lipids within the membrane (Parks and Graham, 1992). The remainderof the lipids within the membrane may still be fluid, so areas of gel membrane can beidentified within a mainly fluid structure. In addition, the junction areas between the geland the other lipid and protein fractions become areas of weakness, subject to fusion andrupture as well as being permeable to ions (Hammerstedt et al, 1990).The peak phase transition temperature for phospholipids within the membrane of boar’s,bull’s and stallion’s spermatozoa are 24.0°C, 25.4°C and 20.70°C, respectively. Similarly, thepeak transition temperature for glycolipids in stallion spermatozoon membranes is 33.4°C,compared with 36.2°C and 42.8°C for boars and bulls, respectively (Parks and Lynch, 1992).These differences in peak transition temperatures account for the variable tolerance to coldshock exhibited by spermatozoa from these species of domestic animals. The membraneconfiguration has a roughly even distribution of phospholipids in both the outer and innerlayers for reasons of stability. The major phospholipids within the spermatozoon plasmamembrane namely phosphatildylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolaminehave differing positions within the membrane bilayer. Phosphatidylcholine andsphingomyelin are associated with the outer layer of the bilayer, whereasphosphatidylethanolamine has an affinity for the inner, cytosolic layer. These affinities arenot normally evident except when the membrane is under stress. Hence, cold shock causeschanges to the distribution of the phospholipids across the bilayer which results in alteredmembrane function (Amann and Pickett, 1987; Hammerstedt et al, 1990). Generally, changesin plasma membrane integrity and motility are both indicators of sperm viability andmetabolic intactness. In this regard boar spermatozoa are known to suffer extensivemembrane and tail damage during freezing and thawing, and those spermatozoa thatsurvive suffer from a shortened lifespan, requiring AI to be carried out with large numbersof spermatozoa closely timed to the moment of ovulation (Wongtawan et al, 2006).Another major component of the spermatozoon membrane is protein. The protein–lipidinteractions are critical for the efficient functioning of the membrane. It is important toensure even distribution and molding of proteins into the bilayer, thus eliminating poresand membrane faults. These interactions may also be required for the efficient functioningof these proteins as enzymes, receptors or channels for the movement of ions like calciumions. These configurations of the membrane and interactions between its componentsfunction ideally at a normal body temperature. Hence, freezing beyond the transition phasetemperature results in a change to the gel state and a gradual aggregation of specific lipidswithin the membrane. Consequently, these protein-lipid interactions are disrupted andtherefore, the proteins no longer act efficiently as enzymes, receptors or ionic channels(Medeiros et al, 2002). The membrane as a whole loses some of its structural and functionalintegrity. Disruption of the membrane configuration also interferes with the function of the
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VIContentsChapter 9Evaluation of a
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XPrefaceless stress to the female,
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ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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