ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN FARM ANIMALS - Phenix-Vet

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178Artificial Insemination in Farm Animalsrelevant after cervical insemination as, in comparison to fresh spermatozoa, a relativelysmall proportion of the stored cells penetrates the cervical canal and migrates through theuterus of the ewe to the oviducts (Salamon and Maxwell, 2000). Spermatozoa functionallyaffected during liquid storage may not migrate, or may migrate slowly, and their survival inthe female tract is also reduced to about half that of fresh spermatozoa (Salamon andMaxwell, 2000). Attempts to improve the transport of spermatozoa from the posterior cervixto the oviducts of oestrous ewes by prostaglandins added to stored semen have givenconflicting results (Maxwell and Salamon, 1993).In the non-pregnant ewe, the funnel-shaped rings of the cervix, which average around fivein number, are not concentrically aligned, and their openings are constricted in mostinstances to less than 3 mm (King et al, 2004). As explained above, breed is an importantdeterminant of the morphology of the cervix, and that could at least partially explaindifferences in fertility after cervical AI (Kaabi et al., 2006). Many studies have found apositive correlation between the depth of cervical AI and fertility (Kaabi et al., 2006). Inconsequence, numerous efforts have been made to develop new methods to deposit thesemen as deep as possible into the uterus. Studies based on the use of modified pipettes, orhormones such as oxytocin to dilate the cervical canal, have shown that cervical penetrationcan be improved. However, fertility results have been very variable (Kaabi, et al., 2006).Special care should be taken to avoid cervical trauma with the catheter during AI, as it hasbeen associated with reductions in pregnancy and lambing rates (Kaabi et al., 2006).Secondary effects of oxytocin may also have an adverse effect on fertility (King, 2004).4.5.2 TechnicianThe ability of the inseminator may be another important source of variation of the outcomeof sheep AI (Gordon, 1997; Anel et al., 2005). Cervical penetration rates are influenced byoperator skill (Eppleston and Maxwell, 1993), and the establishment of training programmesis highly recommended.4.5.3 Stress around AIThere is some evidence that nutritional or management stress inflicted upon the ewe aroundAI can markedly reduce fertility by interfering with fertilisation or by increasing earlyembryo mortality rates (Gordon, 1997). Ewes and rams should be handled with theminimum of disturbance and receive good nutrition around oestrus and the first weeks afterAI.5. AcknowledgementsThe authors thank Neil Macowan for assistance with the English translation. This work wassupported by the Araid Foundation (grant OTRI 2010-0464), Spanish MIC<strong>IN</strong>N (grant IPT-010000-2010-33) and OVIARAGON S.C.L. (grant OTRI OTRI 2010-0465).6. ReferencesAbecia, J.A., Forcada, F. & Gonzalez-Bulnes, A. (2011). Pharmaceutical Control ofReproduction in Sheep and Goats. <strong>Vet</strong>erinary Clinics of North America-Food AnimalPractice, Vol.27, No.1, (Mar), pp. 67-+, 0749-0720
Management Factors Affecting Fertility in Sheep 179Abecia, J.A., Forcada, F., Casao, A. & Palacin, I. (2008). Effect of exogenous melatonin on theovary, the embryo and the establishment of pregnancy in sheep. Animal, Vol.2,No.3, pp. 399-404, 1751-7311Abecia, J.A., Valares, J.A., Forcada, F., Palacín, I., Martín, S. & Martino, A. (2007). The effectof melatonin on the reproductive performance of three sheep breeds in Spain. SmallRuminant Research, Vol.69, No.1-3, (May), pp. 10-16, 0921-4488Acritopoulou, S. & Haresign, W. (1980). Response of ewes to a single injection of an analogof PGF-2alpha given at different stages of the estrous-cycle. Journal of Reproductionand Fertility, Vol.58, No.1, pp. 219-223, 0022-4251Adalsteinsson, S. (1979). Independent effects of liveweight and body condition on fecundityand productivity of Icelandic ewes. Animal Production, Vol.28, No.FEB, pp. 13-23,0003-3561Alabart, J.L., Folch, J., Ciudad, M.A., Fantova, E., Sevilla, E. & Quintin, F.J. (2002) Efecto dela edad de la oveja rasa aragonesa sobre la fertilidad en la inseminación artificial(I.A.) dentro del esquema de mejora de la UPRA-OVIARAGÓN S.C.L, Proceedingsof: XXVII Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Ovinotecnia y Caprinotecnia, Valencia(España)Allison, A.J. & Kelly, R.W. (1978). Synchronization of estrus and fertility in sheep treatedwith progestagen-impregnated implants, and prostaglandins with or without intravaginalsponges and subcutaneous pregnant mare serum. New Zealand Journal ofAgricultural Research, Vol.21, No.3, pp. 389-393, 0028-8233Althouse, G.C., Kuster, C.E., Clark, S.G. & Weisiger, R.M. (2000). Field investigations ofbacterial contaminants and their effects on extended porcine semen. TheriogenologyVol. 53, pp. 1167-1176, 0093-691XAlthouse, G.C. & Lu, K.G. (2005). Bacteriospermia in extended porcine semen.Theriogenology Vol. 63, pp. 573-584, 0093-691XAnel, L., Alvarez, M., Martinez-Pastor, F., Garcia-Macias, V., Anel, E. & De Paz, P. (2006).Improvement strategies in ovine artificial insemination. Reproduction in DomesticAnimals 41 (SUPPL. 2), pp. 30-42, 0936-6768Anel, L., Kaabi, M., Abroug, B., Alvarez, M., Anel, E., Boixo, J.C., de la Fuente, L.F. & de Paz,P. (2005). Factors influencing the success of vaginal and laparoscopic artificialinsemination in churra ewes: a field assay. Theriogenology, Vol.63, No.4, (Mar), pp.1235-1247, 0093-691XAravindan, G.R., Bjordahl, J., Jost, L.K. & Evenson, D.P. (1997). Susceptibility of humansperm to in situ DNA denaturation is strongly correlated with DNA strand breaksidentified by single-cell electrophoresis. Experimental Cell Research, Vol.236, No.1,(Oct), pp. 231-237, 0014-4827Arendt, J., Symons, A.M., Laud, C.A. & Pryde, S.J. (1983). Melatonin can induce early onsetof the breeding-season in ewes. Journal of Endocrinology, Vol.97, No.3, pp. 395-400,0022-0795Armstrong, D.T. & Evans, G. (1984). Intrauterine insemination enhances fertility of frozensemenin superovulated ewes. Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Vol.71, No.1, pp.89-94, 0022-4251Arrebola, F.A., Abecia, J.A., Forcada, F., García, A., Martín, R.A. & Mesa, O. (2009). Effects ofannual rainfall and farm on lamb production after treatment with melatonin
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