BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbott, E., “Comparison of <strong>Glass</strong> Furnace Operation with Oil <strong>and</strong> Natural Gas,” <strong>Glass</strong> Technol., 18 [5] 143–147 (1977). Ahmed, A. A., <strong>and</strong> A. F. Abbas, “Does Blast-Furnace Slag Improve <strong>Glass</strong>making?” <strong>Glass</strong> Ind., 65 [12] 15–18 (1984). Akshay, M., <strong>and</strong> K. Sanjay, “Heat Recovery in a Typical <strong>Glass</strong> Tank Furnace,” <strong>Glass</strong> Udyog, 12 [3] 25–35 (1984). Albayrak, G., A. Yaraman, <strong>and</strong> E. R. Plumat, “Analysis of the Effect of Partly Reduced Silica <strong>and</strong> Sulfide on <strong>Melting</strong> Rate Improvement,” Glastech. Ber. (Int. Glaskongr., 13th, B<strong>and</strong> 1), 56 7–12 (1983). Alex<strong>and</strong>er, J. C., “Electrostatic Batch Preheating <strong>Technology</strong>: E-Batch,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 22 [1] 37–53 (2001). Alex<strong>and</strong>er, J. M., <strong>and</strong> F. J. Lazet, “Directed-flow, Thin-layer <strong>Glass</strong> Fusion Process,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 6 [3-4] 133–141 (1985). Ambartsumyan, A. G., G. G. Akopyan, <strong>and</strong> K. A. Kostanyan, “<strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> in an Electric Direct-Heated Skull Furnace,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 54 [5/6] 139–140 (1997). Angelo, J. J., “Lithium in <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong>,” <strong>Glass</strong> (London), 63 [12] 447 (1986). Anon., “Containerless <strong>Melting</strong> of <strong>Glass</strong>,” Seramikkusu, 22 [4] 286–290 (1987). Anon., “Foam Development During the <strong>Glass</strong>melting Process,” Glastek. Tidskr., 38 [1] 3–8 (1983). Anon., “The <strong>Glass</strong> Furnace (A Consideration of Fuel Company),” Sprechsaal, 53 [7] 66 (1920). Anon., “The <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Furnace,” Glasind., 3I 97–98, 105–106 (1920). Anon., “Improved Construction of <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Furnace Throats,” <strong>Glass</strong> (London), 52 [6] 194, 6–7, 9 (1975). Anon., “Improvement of Refining Agents for <strong>Glass</strong>melting,” Guisuanyan Xuebao, 7 [4] 370–379 (1979). Anon., “Improving the Efficiency of the Regenerative Furnace,” <strong>Glass</strong> Int., 1990 [June] 55–59 (1990). Anon., “Molten <strong>Glass</strong> Exchange Control–A Way to Increase the <strong>Melting</strong> Capacity of the <strong>Glass</strong> Tank,” Sklar Keram., 30 [3] 68–71 (1980). Anon., “New <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Technologies for Lower Costs,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull., 71 [7] 1071 (1992). Anon., “Preheating of Natural <strong>Glass</strong> in Two <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Furnaces of the Perrier Company,” Ind. Ceram., 871 298–300 (1992). Anon., “Radio Frequency <strong>Melting</strong> of Laser <strong>Glass</strong>es,” Guisuanyan Xuebao, 7 [3] 255–261 (1979). Anon., “Sensors Development for <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> <strong>and</strong> Recycling,” Ind. Heat., 61 [4] 31 (1994). Anon., “Tank Furnaces for the Simultaneous Production of More Than One Kind of <strong>Glass</strong>,” Sprechsaal, 49 [23] 176 (1916). Anon., “Time-Dependent Energy Consumption by Continuous <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong>,” Mater. Constr. (Bucharest), 17 [3] 182–187 (1987). Anon., “Trends in Oxy-Fuel Furnace Design,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ind., 79 [5] 18 (1998). Anon., “Turning up the Heat in All Electric <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong>,” <strong>Glass</strong> (London), 78 [9] 276 (2001). Argent, D., “Bubbler Systems Can Abet <strong>Melting</strong> Operations,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ind., 73 [4] 27–28 (1992). Argent, R. D., “Colour Cell for High Volume Production of Green, Amber, <strong>and</strong> Clear Containers,” <strong>Glass</strong> Technol., 30 [1] 9–10 (1989). Argent, R. D., “Furnace Designed for High Cullet Use,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ind., 71 [4] 35 (1990). Argent, R. D., “High Cullet <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Systems,” <strong>Glass</strong> Technol., 31 [3] 88–92 (1990). Argent, R. D., “Return of the Segmented <strong>Melting</strong> System,” <strong>Glass</strong>, 71 [10] 393 (1994). Argent, R. D., “Segmented Furnaces Slash <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Costs,” Ceram. Ind., 132 [4] 45 (1989). Argent, R. D., G. W. Mattocks, <strong>and</strong> R. J. Ryder, “Examination of “Synthetic Air”—The Retrofit Alternative to Complete Redesign for Oxy/Fuel Firing,” Proc. Int. Congr. <strong>Glass</strong>, 18th, 240–249 (1998). Arr<strong>and</strong>ale, R. S., “Furnaces, Furnace Design, <strong>and</strong> Related Topics [in <strong>Glass</strong> Manufacture],” H<strong>and</strong>b. <strong>Glass</strong> Manuf., 1974 [1] 249–386 (1974). Ashfield, A.W.F., “<strong>Glass</strong> Furnace Design in 1978,” J. Can. Ceram. Soc., 47 [1] 31–34 (1978). Atkinson, C.J.S., “Furnace Review of Six Decades 1916-1976,” <strong>Glass</strong> Technol., 17 [5] 205–220 (1976). Bahm, W., “Promotion of Innovative Energy Technologies in the <strong>Glass</strong> Industry by the European Commission,” Glastech. Ber. <strong>Glass</strong> Sci. Technol., 68 [9] 293–296 (1995). Balta, P., D. Radu, <strong>and</strong> C. Spurcaciu, “Influence of the Retention Time on the Energy Expense by <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong>,” XIV Int. Congr. <strong>Glass</strong> - Coll. Pap., 3 16–22 (1986). 251
Bamford, C. R., Colour Generation <strong>and</strong> Control in <strong>Glass</strong>, Vol. 2. Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam, 1977. Pp. 141– 164. Bansal, B., K. F. Jones, P. M. Stephan, <strong>and</strong> J. R. Schorr, “Batch Pelletizing <strong>and</strong> Preheating,” <strong>Glass</strong> (London), 56 [12] 479–487 (1979). Bansal, N. P., <strong>and</strong> R. H. Doremus, H<strong>and</strong>book of <strong>Glass</strong> Properties. Academic Press, Orl<strong>and</strong>o, Fl., 1986. Barton, J. L., “Innovation in <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong>,” <strong>Glass</strong> Technol. 34 [5] 170–177 (1993). Barton, J. L., et al., “Procede et dispositif de fusion de matieres minerales, notamment vitrifiables,” French Patent 2,530,611 (26 July 1982). Barbosa, L. C., <strong>and</strong> C.R.L. Farias, “<strong>Glass</strong> Preparation in RF [radio frequency] Furnace <strong>and</strong> Extrusion,” Ceramica (Sao Paulo), 31 [189] 197–200 (1985). Barbosa, L. C., <strong>and</strong> C.R.L. Farias, “Radio Frequency <strong>Melting</strong> of <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>and</strong> Extrusion of Optical Fiber Preforms,” Proc. Latin Am. Tech. Symp. <strong>Glass</strong> Manuf., 3rd, 1609 (1985). Barklage-Hilgefort, H., “Batch Preheating on <strong>Glass</strong>-melting Furnaces,” Glastech. Ber., 62 [4] 113–121 (1989). Barklage-Hilgefort, H., “Situation of the Waste-Heat Utilisation in the Green <strong>Glass</strong> Industry,” Glastech. Ber., 63 [4] 101–110 (1990). Barth, H., “The Fuel Consumption in Different <strong>Glass</strong> Furnaces,” Keram. Rundsch., 33, 191 (1925). Barton, J. L., et al., “Procede et dispositif pour l’elaboration de verre fondu et applications de ce dispositif,” European Patent 0,135,446 (13 September 1984). Bauer, J., Hofmann O.-R., <strong>and</strong> S. Giese, “Measurement of Convective Heat Transfer for Various Checker Systems,” Glastech. Ber., <strong>Glass</strong> Sci. Technol., 67 [10] 272–279 (1994). Bauer, R. A., A. M. Lankhorst, <strong>and</strong> O. S. Verheijen, “Advanced Furnace Design Using New Oxy-Fuel Burners,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 21 [1] 1–8 (2000). Bauer, W. C., <strong>and</strong> J. E. Bailey, “Raw Materials Batching”; pp. 378–385 in Ceramics <strong>and</strong> <strong>Glass</strong>es, Engineered Materials H<strong>and</strong>book, Vol. 4. Edited by S. J. Schneider. ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, 1991. Bazarian, E. R., “Design Considerations for Conversion of <strong>Glass</strong> Tanks to Oxy-Fuel Combustion,” Ind. Heat., 61 [2] 32–34 (1994). Becker, K., “Contribution to Heat Recovery in <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Furnaces,” <strong>Glass</strong> (London), 52 [6] 188–190, 92–93, 99 (1975). Becker, K., “<strong>Melting</strong> Costs of Cross-Fired Regenerative <strong>and</strong> Recuperative Tank Furnaces,” <strong>Glass</strong> Technol. 13 [5] 145–147 (1972). Beerkens, R., “Application of Energy Saving Technologies for <strong>Glass</strong> Furnaces. A Comparative Study,” pp. 323–339 in 1992 Proceedings of the European Seminar on Improved Technologies for the Rational Use of Energy in the <strong>Glass</strong> Industry. Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany, 1993. Beerkens, R., “Future Industrial <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Concepts,” Int. Congr. <strong>Glass</strong>, 19th, 564–576 (2001). Beerkins, R., “Future Industrial <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Concepts,” in Proc. XIX Int. Congr. <strong>Glass</strong>, Invited Papers, CD- ROM. 2001. Beerkens, R.G.C., A. J. Faber, H.P.H. Muysenberg, <strong>and</strong> F. Simonis, “Simulation Optimises <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Process,” Schott Inf., 82 10–11 (1997). Beerkens, R.G.C., <strong>and</strong> H.P.H. Muysenberg, “Comparative Study on Energy-Saving Technologies for <strong>Glass</strong> Furnaces,” Glastech. Ber., 65 [8] 216–224 (1992). Beerkens, R.G.C., <strong>and</strong> J. van Limpt, “Energy Efficiency Benchmarking of <strong>Glass</strong> Furnaces,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 23 [1] 93–105 (2002). Begley, E. R., “How <strong>Glass</strong> Furnace Bottom Construction Has Evolved,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ind., 69 [10] 14–19 (1988). Begley, E. R., <strong>and</strong> G. DuVierre, “Throat Construction: A Review of Design, Refractory, <strong>and</strong> Cooling Alternatives,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 12 [3] 482–495 (1991). Bel'yaninov, Y. N., “On Non-Linearity Accounting in Thermal Tasks of Electric <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong>,” Fiz. Chim. Stekla, 17 [1] 169–173 (1991). Belov, D. N., L. M. Maksakova, <strong>and</strong> V. G. Orlov, “Automated Intermittent Gas-fired Furnace [for <strong>Glass</strong>melting],” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 37 [12] 624–625 (1980). Bender, D. J., J. G. Hnat, <strong>and</strong> A. F. Litka, “Pilot-Scale Testing <strong>and</strong> Preliminary Commercial System Design of a Gas-Fired Advanced <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Furnace,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 11 [1-2] 102 (1990). Bender, D. J., J. G. Hnat, A. F. Litka, L. W. Donaldson Jr., D. J. Tessari, <strong>and</strong> J. R. Sacks, “Advanced <strong>Glass</strong> Melter Research Continues to Make Progress,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ind., 72 [4] 10 (1991). Beutin, E. F., <strong>and</strong> J. H. Leimkuehler, “Long-term Experience with Nienburger Glas Batch Preheating Systems,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 21 [1] 109–121 (2000). 252
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Glass Melting Technology: A Technic
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Disclaimer This document was prepar
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Glass Melting Technology: A Technic
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cyclical economy. Specialty glass m
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Reference The report is supplemente
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Preface The glass industry is under
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While this section was not a major
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5. All traditional glass segments a
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• Energy issues Glass melting is
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The issue of funding for research a
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Chapter I Technical Assessment of G
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process when it introduced continuo
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Figure I.1. Quality, Energy, Throug
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credible forecasts that energy cost
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Capital-intensive manufacturing bus
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silica sand with a variety of indus
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I.4. Motivation to advance melting
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would be possible with a more detai
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efining, higher performance refract
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A major regional producer, the Unit
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continues to operate using technolo
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The percentage used for batch melti
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having fewer producers of major com
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Flat glass Forecasters predict an a
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glass fiber in some applications an
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With the high capital cost of new g
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The economic viability of electric
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development and capital investment
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investment of the traditional glass
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and increase cooperation on the hig
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The melting processes for silica-ba
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In the regenerative furnace, two re
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• Unit melter The unit melter is
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Furnace emissions are reduced and t
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glass. Electric boost is often used
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materials, state-of-the-art equipme
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Figure IV.1. PPG P-10 Primary Melte
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system. Applications for the techno
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stable and controlled operating pro
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Four test series using oxy-gas burn
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In the AGM melting process, mixed b
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Melter controls are extremely sophi
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simplify heat exchange technique th
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square or rectangular hopper locate
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After operating for over 12 years,
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The modular design of the device ma
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A single-phase 600-KW saturable rea
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IV.9.2. Fusion et Affinage Rapide (
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gases leave this compartment and gi
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Chapter V Industry Perspective on M
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problems that confront the entire i
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and port structures. Fuel savings o
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Glass manufacturers of all products
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here. To remain vigorous and compet
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RAY RICHARDS holds a BS in chemistr
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Chapter VI Vision for Glassmaking V
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VI.3. Economic perspective The majo
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and facility construction and plant
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Introduction In the course of gener
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totally replaced by barium, zinc or
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of soda. Other raw materials includ
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Batch melting in combustion furnace
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1.3. Detailed description of the fu
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increase reactions in soda-lime-sil
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promoted by the addition of fine-gr
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The presence of some distinct solid
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surface and escape from the melt. S
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Homogenization can also be aided by
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Batch melting strongly depends on t
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downstream operations, these bubble
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furnaces generally have better spec
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fundamental change in heat transfer
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or long-term trends and judges the
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Thermal momentum Thermal momentum i
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elative to a defined zero with prec
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glassmaking have proven to be more
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• Fuzzy Control Automation soluti
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• Oxygen furnace (MPC) • Refine
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3.A. Submerged Combustion Melting N
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• The Year 1 go-no-go decision po
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splitting the fuel-oxidant mixture
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and has proved highly reliable. The
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The project team has agreed to form
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3.B. High-Intensity Plasma Glass Me
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Plasmelt will utilize a full-scale
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Plasmelt has assembled a world-clas
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maintained as a process development
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entrainment by reducing melter size
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Glass melting began two weeks befor
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3.C. Advanced Oxy-Fuel Fired Front-
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3.D. Segmented Melting System Ruud
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supplemental energy input in a form
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Appendix A. Literature Review Glass
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A.2. Manufacturing flexibility Plac
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A.5. Recycled cullet use Increased
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Technology for direct heating withi
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and diverting funds from R&D and ot
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RR e c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
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RR ee c o m m e n d s e c oo n dd l
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RR ee c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
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RR e c o m m e n d s e c oo n d l o
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RR e c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
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