Pieper, H., “Flexible <strong>Melting</strong> Furnace Concept,” <strong>Glass</strong> (London), 66 [10] 380, 383 (1989). Pieper, H., “Furnace Costs Compared for Nine Different Melters,” <strong>Glass</strong> (London), 70 [1] 20–22 (1993). Pieper, H., “Large End-fired Furnaces with a <strong>Melting</strong> Area of 100 m2 <strong>and</strong> More,” Glastech. Ber., <strong>Glass</strong> Sci. Technol., 67 [3] 65–70 (1994). Pieper, H., “The Flex Melter: A New <strong>Melting</strong> Furnace for the <strong>Glass</strong> Industry, 2. An Alternative to Pot Furnaces,” Glastech. Ber. Sonderb<strong>and</strong> LXIIIK, Int. Conf. Fusion Process. <strong>Glass</strong>, pp. 144–156 (1990). Pieper, H., “Initial experience with the ecologically beneficial recuperative furnace LoNOx melter,” pp. 190–193 in XV International Congress on <strong>Glass</strong>, Vol. 3b. Leningrad, 1989. Pieper, H., “Verfahren zum Verglasen von Kohlenstoff oder <strong>and</strong>ere brennbare Best<strong>and</strong>teile enthaltenden Abfallstoffen wie Schlamme und Aschen, insbesondere Klarschlamm, und <strong>Glass</strong>chmelzofen,” German Patent 40 00 147 (4 January 1990). Pieper, H., T. Platzer, <strong>and</strong> J. Beucher, “Comparison of Ecological <strong>and</strong> <strong>Economic</strong> Aspects of a Modern Regenerative End-Fired Furnace <strong>and</strong> the Second Generation SORG LoNOx Melter,” Glastech. Ber. <strong>Glass</strong> Sci. Technol., 68 [7] 241–245 (1995). Pike, W. G., J. J. Shea, <strong>and</strong> L. R. McCoy, “The Evolution of Float <strong>Glass</strong> Furnaces,” <strong>Glass</strong> (London) 69 [2] 65–69 (1992). Pilkington, A., “History of the Flat <strong>Glass</strong> Industry Is the Story of Manufacturing Processes,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ind., 76 [8] 16– 21 (1995). Pimkhaokham, P., <strong>and</strong> R. Conradt, “Study on the Processes Controlling the Rate of <strong>Glass</strong> Batch <strong>Melting</strong>,” Rep. Res. Asahi <strong>Glass</strong> Foundation, 1993, 281–284 (1993). Pincus, A. G., <strong>and</strong> G. M. Diken, Electric <strong>Melting</strong> in the <strong>Glass</strong> Industry. Books for Industry, New York, 1976. Pioro, L. S., V. I. Babich, V. V. Pollyak, N. A. Pankova, <strong>and</strong> M. I. Koz’min, “Heat Exchange in Molten <strong>Glass</strong> during Bubbling <strong>and</strong> Contact Combustion,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram., 24 [1] 16–20 (1967). Plumat, E., “<strong>Glass</strong> Progress in Belgium,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ind., 54, pp. 12, 22–28 (1973). Plumat, E. M., “Development <strong>and</strong> Prospectives of Furnaces for <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong>,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 26 [1-3] 179– 261 (1977). Podushko, V.V.V.a.E.V., “The <strong>Melting</strong> of <strong>Glass</strong> in an Electric Field of High Frequency,” Steklo Keram., 15 [6] 16– 19 (1958). Popoff, A., “The Necessity for Pre-Heating Air in Furnace Work,” Sprechsaal, 54, 496 (1921). Porter, Michael, Competitive Strategy. The Free Press, 1980 Portner, D., “An Efficient Concept for Future <strong>Glass</strong>-melting <strong>Technology</strong>,” <strong>Glass</strong> Prod. Technol. Int., 1990, 59–62 (1990). Portugal, J. V., <strong>and</strong> L. D. Pye, “Plasma <strong>Melting</strong> of Selected Compositions in the Al2O3-ZrO2-SiO2 System,” p. 213 in Materials Science Research, Vol. 17 Emergent Process Methods for High <strong>Technology</strong> Ceramics. Ed., R. F. Davis, H. Palmour, <strong>and</strong> R. L. Porter. Plenum, New York, 1984. Preston, F. W., “The Behavior <strong>and</strong> Misbehavior of <strong>Glass</strong> in Tanks,” Bull. Am. Ceram. Soc., 15 [12] 409–433 (1936). 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Wallding, “<strong>Glass</strong> Batch Pelletizing <strong>and</strong> Pollution Capture Studies in Pellet Beds,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 2 [1-2] 57–78 (1981). Raplee, J., “Exp<strong>and</strong>ing <strong>Economic</strong> Factors Drive Current Push to Oxy-Fuel,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ind., 76 [4] 17–19 (1995). Rastogi, A. K., “High Frequency Induction <strong>Melting</strong> of Optical <strong>Glass</strong>es: Numerical Modeling,” Proc. Int. Congr. <strong>Glass</strong>, 18th, 729–734 (1998). Rawson, H., “Comments on “Use of Microwave Radiation in the Processing of <strong>Glass</strong>” by M P Knox <strong>and</strong> G J Copley,” <strong>Glass</strong> Technol., 38 [6] 219–220 (1997). Ray, C. S., <strong>and</strong> D. E. Day, “<strong>Glass</strong> Formation in Microgravity,” Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 87 239–251 (1987). Reynolds, M. C., “Electric Furnace Design,” <strong>Glass</strong> Technol., 23 [1] 38–43 (1982). Reynolds, M. 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Glass Melting Technology: A Technic
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Disclaimer This document was prepar
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Glass Melting Technology: A Technic
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cyclical economy. Specialty glass m
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Reference The report is supplemente
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Preface The glass industry is under
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While this section was not a major
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5. All traditional glass segments a
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• Energy issues Glass melting is
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The issue of funding for research a
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Chapter I Technical Assessment of G
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process when it introduced continuo
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Figure I.1. Quality, Energy, Throug
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credible forecasts that energy cost
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Capital-intensive manufacturing bus
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silica sand with a variety of indus
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I.4. Motivation to advance melting
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would be possible with a more detai
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efining, higher performance refract
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A major regional producer, the Unit
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continues to operate using technolo
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The percentage used for batch melti
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having fewer producers of major com
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Flat glass Forecasters predict an a
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glass fiber in some applications an
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With the high capital cost of new g
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The economic viability of electric
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development and capital investment
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investment of the traditional glass
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and increase cooperation on the hig
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The melting processes for silica-ba
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In the regenerative furnace, two re
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• Unit melter The unit melter is
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Furnace emissions are reduced and t
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glass. Electric boost is often used
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materials, state-of-the-art equipme
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Figure IV.1. PPG P-10 Primary Melte
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system. Applications for the techno
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stable and controlled operating pro
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Four test series using oxy-gas burn
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In the AGM melting process, mixed b
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Melter controls are extremely sophi
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simplify heat exchange technique th
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square or rectangular hopper locate
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After operating for over 12 years,
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The modular design of the device ma
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A single-phase 600-KW saturable rea
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IV.9.2. Fusion et Affinage Rapide (
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gases leave this compartment and gi
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Chapter V Industry Perspective on M
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problems that confront the entire i
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and port structures. Fuel savings o
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Glass manufacturers of all products
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here. To remain vigorous and compet
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RAY RICHARDS holds a BS in chemistr
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Chapter VI Vision for Glassmaking V
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VI.3. Economic perspective The majo
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and facility construction and plant
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Introduction In the course of gener
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totally replaced by barium, zinc or
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of soda. Other raw materials includ
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Batch melting in combustion furnace
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1.3. Detailed description of the fu
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increase reactions in soda-lime-sil
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promoted by the addition of fine-gr
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The presence of some distinct solid
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surface and escape from the melt. S
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Homogenization can also be aided by
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Batch melting strongly depends on t
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downstream operations, these bubble
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furnaces generally have better spec
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fundamental change in heat transfer
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or long-term trends and judges the
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Thermal momentum Thermal momentum i
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elative to a defined zero with prec
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glassmaking have proven to be more
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• Fuzzy Control Automation soluti
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• Oxygen furnace (MPC) • Refine
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3.A. Submerged Combustion Melting N
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• The Year 1 go-no-go decision po
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splitting the fuel-oxidant mixture
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and has proved highly reliable. The
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The project team has agreed to form
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3.B. High-Intensity Plasma Glass Me
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Plasmelt will utilize a full-scale
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Plasmelt has assembled a world-clas
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maintained as a process development
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entrainment by reducing melter size
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Glass melting began two weeks befor
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3.C. Advanced Oxy-Fuel Fired Front-
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3.D. Segmented Melting System Ruud
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supplemental energy input in a form
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Appendix A. Literature Review Glass
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A.2. Manufacturing flexibility Plac
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A.5. Recycled cullet use Increased
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Technology for direct heating withi
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and diverting funds from R&D and ot
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RR e c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
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RR ee c o m m e n d s e c oo n dd l
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RR ee c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
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RR e c o m m e n d s e c oo n d l o
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RR e c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
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RR e c o m m e n d s e c oo n d l o
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RR ee c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
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RR ee c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
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A u tt h o r // t i t l e / y e a r
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RR e c o m m e n d s e c oo n d l o
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- Page 232 and 233: Appendix A2 Categorization of Paten
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- Page 268 and 269: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbott, E., “Compari
- Page 270 and 271: Bezborodov, M. A., “The Effect of
- Page 272 and 273: Enninga, G., K. Dytrych, and H. Bar
- Page 274 and 275: Kawachi, S., M. Kato, and Y. Kawase
- Page 276 and 277: McCauley, R. A., “Evolution of Fl
- Page 280 and 281: Schulz, R. L., Z. Fathi, D. E. Clar
- Page 282 and 283: Tooley, F. V., Handbook of Glass Ma
- Page 284: contributed by Nancy Lemon, Knowled
- Page 288 and 289: INDEX Accelerated melting, 66-69, 9
- Page 290 and 291: 71-72; Successes, 11; PPG P-10 Proc
- Page 292: ISBN: 0-9761283-0-6 Printed in the