Kawachi, S., M. Kato, <strong>and</strong> Y. Kawase, “Evaluation of Reaction Rate of Refining Agents,” Glastech. Ber. <strong>Glass</strong> Sci. Technol., 72 [6] 182–187 (1999). Kazanskii, M. S., <strong>and</strong> I. G. Klochkov, “Briquetting of <strong>Glass</strong> Batches,” Stekol’naya, 1939 [7] 15–17 (1939). Keijts, G., <strong>and</strong> K. Van der Werff, “Heat Transfer in <strong>Glass</strong> Container Production During the Final Blow,” <strong>Glass</strong> Technol., 42 [3] 104–108 (2001). Kiefer, W., <strong>and</strong> H.-G. Krolla, “Cold-Wall <strong>Melting</strong> Experiments with High-Frequency Induction <strong>Melting</strong>,” Proc. SPIE, 2287 40–46 (1994). Kircher, U., “Advantages of the Emission Reduction of <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Furnaces in the Last 25 Years — A Survey,” Int. <strong>Glass</strong> J., 20 [110] 21–26 (2000). Kirsch, R., S. Holy, <strong>and</strong> J. Michalec, “<strong>Melting</strong> <strong>Glass</strong> in the Inductive Crucible Furnace: I,” Sklar Keram., 29 [7] 197–199 (1979). Kirsch, R., S. Holy, <strong>and</strong> J. Michalec, “<strong>Melting</strong> <strong>Glass</strong> in the Inductive Crucible Furnace: II,” Sklar Keram., 29 [8] 238–240 (1979). Kirsch, R., S. Holy, <strong>and</strong> J. Michalec, “<strong>Melting</strong> <strong>Glass</strong> in the Inductive Crucible Furnace: III,” Sklar Keram., 30 [11] 311–315 (1980). Kirsch, R., <strong>and</strong> J. Michalec, “Thermal Processes in Open <strong>and</strong> Closed Platinum Furnaces with Induction Heating,” Am Ceram Soc Bull, 66 [8] 1254–1256 (1987). Kiselev, V. I., <strong>and</strong> N. A. Pankova, “Fining <strong>Glass</strong> in a Direct-Current <strong>Glass</strong>-melting Furnace,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 41 [11-12] 527–531 (1984). Kiselev, V. N., T. M. Strueva, <strong>and</strong> S. S. Denisova, “Single-flow <strong>Glass</strong>melting Furnace,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 37 [9] 453–455 (1980). Kislitsyn, B., V. Dovbnya, L. Chaus, N. Zhur'yari, <strong>and</strong> G. Zhivenkova, “Methods of Preventing Incomplete <strong>Melting</strong> in Flat <strong>Glass</strong>,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 40 [5-6] 269–270 (1983). Kitaigorodskii, I. I., “Acceleration of the <strong>Melting</strong> of <strong>Glass</strong>,” Keram. Steklo, 5, 362–363 (1929). Kitamura, N., M. Makihara, <strong>and</strong> M. Motokawa, “Containerless <strong>Melting</strong> of <strong>Glass</strong> by Magnetic Levitation Method,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 39 [4A] L324–L326 (2000). Kiyan, V. I., P. A. Krivoruchko, <strong>and</strong> A. B. Atkarskaya, “Internal Reserves for Enhancing the Efficiency of <strong>Glass</strong>melting Furnaces,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 56 [7/8] 241–244 (1999). Klein, V., “The Fining of <strong>Glass</strong> Melts by Sound Waves,” Glastech. Ber., 16 [7] 232–233 (1938). Klouzek, J., N. Lubomir, <strong>and</strong> U. Jiri, “Modelling of the Refining Space Working under Reduced Pressure,” Glastech. Ber. <strong>Glass</strong> Sci. Technol., 73 [11] 329–336 (2000). Knap, Z., A. Lis, K. Szczepanski, <strong>and</strong> M. Zabicki, “Possibility of Fluid Bed Drying of S<strong>and</strong> Using Heat from the Combustion of Flue Gases,” Szklo Ceram., [1] 9–10 (1992). Knapp, O., “Briquetting <strong>and</strong> Granulation of <strong>Glass</strong> Mixtures,” Glas-Email-Keramo-Tech., 25 [5] 166–169 (1969). Knox, M. P., <strong>and</strong> G. J. Copley, “Use of Microwave Radiation for the Processing of <strong>Glass</strong>,” <strong>Glass</strong> Technol., 38 [3] 91–96 (1997). Kocho, V. S., A. I. Kukarkin, P. I. Brin'ko, V. A. Myagkov, I. Z. G. Fedorov, S. L., N. L. Shevchenko, <strong>and</strong> N. N. Kovshar, “Determination of the Efficiency of <strong>Glass</strong> Furnace Regenerators,” Steklo Keram., 1975 [10] 5–6 (1975). Kopser, G. J., “Summary of Twenty-Five Years of <strong>Glass</strong> Furnace Preheating,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 12 [3-4] 460–472 (1991). Kosa, L., K. Kazda, M. Kriz, <strong>and</strong> I. Proks, “Theoretical Specific Heat Consumption in the <strong>Melting</strong> of Some Commercial <strong>Glass</strong>es: I,” Silikaty (Prague), 26 [4] 327–333 (1982). Kosa, L., K. Kazda, M. Kriz, <strong>and</strong> I. Proks, “Theoretical Specific Heat Consumption in the <strong>Melting</strong> of Some Commercial <strong>Glass</strong>es: II,” Silikaty (Prague), 27 [1] 31–38 (1983). Kostanyan, K. A., A. F. Melik-Akhnazarov, A. R. Akopyan, V. S. Dzhamalyan, <strong>and</strong> A. A. Khalatyan, “Electromelting of Pyrex <strong>Glass</strong> in a Furnace of Improved Construction,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 34 [8] 492– 495 (1977). Koster, J., <strong>and</strong> G. Schwarz, “Direct Firing of Liquefied Petroleum Gas,” <strong>Glass</strong> Prod. Technol. Int., 1992 59–61 (1992). Koz'min, M. I., V. I. Babich, <strong>and</strong> N. A. Pankova, “Experimental Furnace with Gas Combustion in the Melt <strong>and</strong> Thin-Layer Fining,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 31 [9-10] 623–625 (1974). Kozlov, A. S., S. B. Lisenenkova, I. A. Gusev, E. T. Mosolov, Y. M. Miroshnikov, <strong>and</strong> V. A. Tolstov, “Hydrodynamics of the <strong>Glass</strong> in a Regenerative Furnace,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 41 [1-2] 51–56 (1984). Kozlov, A. S., L. P. Shutnikova, R. S. Kotselko, <strong>and</strong> V. E. Dunduchenko, “Energy Balance of <strong>Glass</strong>-melting Furnaces,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 42 [12] 535–539 (1985). 257
Krause, W., “<strong>Glass</strong>-melting Strategies at Oberl<strong>and</strong> <strong>Glass</strong> [Germany],” <strong>Glass</strong> Int., 1990 [June] 49–51 (1990). Kucheryavyi, M. N., O. N. Popov, <strong>and</strong> V. A. Polevov, “Efficient Construction <strong>and</strong> Conditions of Use of a <strong>Glass</strong>making Furnace Throat,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 42 [5] 221–224 (1985). Kuczmarski & Associates, Inc., “<strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Industry Overview <strong>and</strong> Assessment of AGM Market Potential: Final Report.” Prepared for the Gas Research Institute, May 17, 1995 Kurkjian, C. R., <strong>and</strong> W. R. Prindle, “Perspectives on the History of <strong>Glass</strong> Composition,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81 [4] 795–813 (1998). Kut’in, V. B., S. N. Gushchin, <strong>and</strong> V. G. Lisienko, “Heat Exchange in the Cross-Fired <strong>Glass</strong> Furnace,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 54 [5/6] 172–174 (1997). Lauritzen, O., <strong>and</strong> S. Urnes, “Window <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Studies,” Glastek. Tidskr., 29 [2] 31–38 (1974). Lebedev, V. I., <strong>and</strong> Y. V. Shklyar, “Calculation of Complex Heat Transfer in <strong>Glass</strong>-<strong>Melting</strong> Furnaces.,” Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved., Energ., 9 [12] 67–70 (1966). LeBlanc, J., R. Marshall, G. Prusia, T. Clayton, A. Richardson, <strong>and</strong> N. Simpson, “The BOC Convective <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> System,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 23 [1] 107–118 (2002). Leimkuhler, J., “Preheating of Raw Material for <strong>Glass</strong> Furnaces,” <strong>Glass</strong> Prod. Technol. Int., 1991 31–32 (1991). Leimkuhler, J., “Raw Material Preheating <strong>and</strong> Integrated Waste Heat Utilisation in the <strong>Glass</strong> Industry,” Sprechsaal, 125 [5] 292–298 (1992). Levitin, L. Y., B. Y. Ten, <strong>and</strong> L. M. Protsenko, “Reserves of <strong>Glass</strong>-<strong>Melting</strong> Intensification,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram., 46 [6] 211–215 (1989). Levy, P.-E., et al., “Technique de fusion electrique du verre,” French Patent 2,599,734 (6 June 1986). Lewins, J., “Basic Concepts of <strong>Glass</strong> Furnace Design,” <strong>Glass</strong> (London), 72 [10] 395–398 (1995). Lewins, J., “Pollution Control Options for <strong>Glass</strong> Furnaces,” <strong>Glass</strong> Prod. Technol. Int., 1992 47–50 (1992). Lievre, K., R. Hewerson, B. Hoke, <strong>and</strong> J. Inskip, “Recent Developments in Oxy-Fuel Firing for <strong>Glass</strong> Melters,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ind., 82 [3] 25–31 (2001). Lifanov, F. A., S. V. Stefanovskii, A. P. Kobelev, <strong>and</strong> O. N. Tsveshko, “Crucible Induction Furnace for <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong>,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram., 1991 [7] 288–290 (1991). Lingscheit, J. N., “Laboratory Study of Calumite as a [<strong>Glass</strong>-]<strong>Melting</strong> <strong>and</strong> Fining Accelerant,” J. Can. Ceram. Soc., 57 [2] 44–48 (1988). Lisienko, V. G., V. B. Kut'in, S. N. Gushchin, <strong>and</strong> V. Kryuchenkov Yu, “Provisions for Intensification of Heat Transfer in Regenerative Tank Furnaces for Container <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong>,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 55 [7/8] 236– 240 (1998). Lisovskaya, G. P. <strong>and</strong> V. A. Senatova, “Model for <strong>Melting</strong> in a <strong>Glass</strong> Furnace,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 47 [5-6] 205–209 (1991). Litvaskovskii, A. A., “Briquetting the <strong>Glass</strong> Batch,” Prom-st. Stroit. Mater., 1940 60-5 (1940). Lubitz, G., “Oxy-Fuel Melter with Batch <strong>and</strong> Cullet Preheater,” Glastech. Ber. <strong>Glass</strong> Sci. Technol., 72 [1] 21–24 (1999). Madivate, C., F. Mueller, <strong>and</strong> W. Wilsmann, “Thermochemistry of the <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Process - Energy Requirement in <strong>Melting</strong> Soda-Lime-Silica <strong>Glass</strong>es from Cullet-containing Batches,” <strong>Glass</strong> Sci. Technol., 69 [6] 167–178 (1996). Maletzki, K.-H., “Intensification of the <strong>Glass</strong>melting Process by Batch Pretreatment,” Silikattechnik, 33 [5] 149– 153 (1982). Manring, W., <strong>and</strong> R. Davis, “Controlling Redox Conditions in <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong>,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ind., 59 [5] 13–16, 23, 24, 30 (1978). Manring, W. H., “Oxidation-reduction Influences on <strong>Glass</strong> Furnace Operations,” J. Can. Ceram. Soc., 43 [2] 59–63 (1974). Manvelyan, M. G., A. F. Melik-Ankhazaryan, K. A. Kostanyan, <strong>and</strong> S. O. Halchadzhyan, “The Use of Graphite Electrodes in Electric <strong>Glass</strong>-<strong>Melting</strong> Furnaces,” Steklo Keram., 13 [7] 1–7 (1956). Martlew, D., “<strong>Glass</strong> melting,” European Patent 0,403,183 (13 June 1989). Matej, J., <strong>and</strong> J. Stanek, “Electric <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> with Low-frequency Current,” Glastech. Ber., 61 [1] 1–4 (1988). Mattmuller, R., et al., “Perfectionnement a la fabrication du verre,” French Patent 2,281,902 (14 August 1974). Mattocks, G. R., “Use of Synthetic Air for Combustion in Regenerative Furnaces,” <strong>Glass</strong> Technol., 39 [5] 148–156 (1998). Matveev, V. A., I. S. Il'yashenko, A. B. Zhimalov, V. V. Maksimov, <strong>and</strong> I. B. Smulyanskii, “Rational Fuel Use in <strong>Glass</strong> Furnaces,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), [5] 185–188 (1991). Maurach, H., “<strong>Glass</strong> Furnaces in the Olden Time,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ind., 16 19–21 (1935). Mazurin, O. V., Properties of <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Glass</strong>y Melts, Vols. 1–4. Science, Leningrad, 1979–1980. 258
- Page 1 and 2:
Glass Melting Technology: A Technic
- Page 3 and 4:
Disclaimer This document was prepar
- Page 6 and 7:
Glass Melting Technology: A Technic
- Page 8 and 9:
cyclical economy. Specialty glass m
- Page 10:
Reference The report is supplemente
- Page 14 and 15:
Preface The glass industry is under
- Page 16:
While this section was not a major
- Page 19 and 20:
5. All traditional glass segments a
- Page 21 and 22:
• Energy issues Glass melting is
- Page 23 and 24:
The issue of funding for research a
- Page 26 and 27:
Chapter I Technical Assessment of G
- Page 28 and 29:
process when it introduced continuo
- Page 30 and 31:
Figure I.1. Quality, Energy, Throug
- Page 32 and 33:
credible forecasts that energy cost
- Page 34 and 35:
Capital-intensive manufacturing bus
- Page 36 and 37:
silica sand with a variety of indus
- Page 38 and 39:
I.4. Motivation to advance melting
- Page 40 and 41:
would be possible with a more detai
- Page 42:
efining, higher performance refract
- Page 45 and 46:
A major regional producer, the Unit
- Page 47 and 48:
continues to operate using technolo
- Page 49 and 50:
The percentage used for batch melti
- Page 51 and 52:
having fewer producers of major com
- Page 53 and 54:
Flat glass Forecasters predict an a
- Page 55 and 56:
glass fiber in some applications an
- Page 57 and 58:
With the high capital cost of new g
- Page 59 and 60:
The economic viability of electric
- Page 61 and 62:
development and capital investment
- Page 63 and 64:
investment of the traditional glass
- Page 65 and 66:
and increase cooperation on the hig
- Page 67 and 68:
The melting processes for silica-ba
- Page 69 and 70:
In the regenerative furnace, two re
- Page 71 and 72:
• Unit melter The unit melter is
- Page 73 and 74:
Furnace emissions are reduced and t
- Page 75 and 76:
glass. Electric boost is often used
- Page 77 and 78:
materials, state-of-the-art equipme
- Page 79 and 80:
Figure IV.1. PPG P-10 Primary Melte
- Page 81 and 82:
system. Applications for the techno
- Page 83 and 84:
stable and controlled operating pro
- Page 85 and 86:
Four test series using oxy-gas burn
- Page 87 and 88:
In the AGM melting process, mixed b
- Page 89 and 90:
Melter controls are extremely sophi
- Page 91 and 92:
simplify heat exchange technique th
- Page 93 and 94:
square or rectangular hopper locate
- Page 95 and 96:
After operating for over 12 years,
- Page 97 and 98:
The modular design of the device ma
- Page 99 and 100:
A single-phase 600-KW saturable rea
- Page 101 and 102:
IV.9.2. Fusion et Affinage Rapide (
- Page 103 and 104:
gases leave this compartment and gi
- Page 106 and 107:
Chapter V Industry Perspective on M
- Page 108 and 109:
problems that confront the entire i
- Page 110 and 111:
and port structures. Fuel savings o
- Page 112 and 113:
Glass manufacturers of all products
- Page 114 and 115:
here. To remain vigorous and compet
- Page 116 and 117:
RAY RICHARDS holds a BS in chemistr
- Page 118 and 119:
Chapter VI Vision for Glassmaking V
- Page 120 and 121:
VI.3. Economic perspective The majo
- Page 122:
and facility construction and plant
- Page 126:
Introduction In the course of gener
- Page 129 and 130:
totally replaced by barium, zinc or
- Page 131 and 132:
of soda. Other raw materials includ
- Page 133 and 134:
Batch melting in combustion furnace
- Page 135 and 136:
1.3. Detailed description of the fu
- Page 137 and 138:
increase reactions in soda-lime-sil
- Page 139 and 140:
promoted by the addition of fine-gr
- Page 141 and 142:
The presence of some distinct solid
- Page 143 and 144:
surface and escape from the melt. S
- Page 145 and 146:
Homogenization can also be aided by
- Page 147 and 148:
Batch melting strongly depends on t
- Page 149 and 150:
downstream operations, these bubble
- Page 151 and 152:
furnaces generally have better spec
- Page 153 and 154:
fundamental change in heat transfer
- Page 155 and 156:
or long-term trends and judges the
- Page 157 and 158:
Thermal momentum Thermal momentum i
- Page 159 and 160:
elative to a defined zero with prec
- Page 161 and 162:
glassmaking have proven to be more
- Page 163 and 164:
• Fuzzy Control Automation soluti
- Page 165 and 166:
• Oxygen furnace (MPC) • Refine
- Page 167 and 168:
3.A. Submerged Combustion Melting N
- Page 169 and 170:
• The Year 1 go-no-go decision po
- Page 171 and 172:
splitting the fuel-oxidant mixture
- Page 173 and 174:
and has proved highly reliable. The
- Page 175 and 176:
The project team has agreed to form
- Page 178 and 179:
3.B. High-Intensity Plasma Glass Me
- Page 180 and 181:
Plasmelt will utilize a full-scale
- Page 182 and 183:
Plasmelt has assembled a world-clas
- Page 184 and 185:
maintained as a process development
- Page 186 and 187:
entrainment by reducing melter size
- Page 188 and 189:
Glass melting began two weeks befor
- Page 190 and 191:
3.C. Advanced Oxy-Fuel Fired Front-
- Page 192 and 193:
3.D. Segmented Melting System Ruud
- Page 194 and 195:
supplemental energy input in a form
- Page 196 and 197:
Appendix A. Literature Review Glass
- Page 198 and 199:
A.2. Manufacturing flexibility Plac
- Page 200 and 201:
A.5. Recycled cullet use Increased
- Page 202 and 203:
Technology for direct heating withi
- Page 204:
and diverting funds from R&D and ot
- Page 207 and 208:
RR e c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
- Page 209 and 210:
RR ee c o m m e n d s e c oo n dd l
- Page 211 and 212:
RR ee c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
- Page 213 and 214:
RR e c o m m e n d s e c oo n d l o
- Page 215 and 216:
RR e c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
- Page 217 and 218:
RR e c o m m e n d s e c oo n d l o
- Page 219 and 220:
RR ee c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
- Page 221 and 222:
RR ee c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
- Page 223 and 224: A u tt h o r // t i t l e / y e a r
- Page 225 and 226: RR e c o m m e n d s e c oo n d l o
- Page 227 and 228: RR ee c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
- Page 229 and 230: RR e c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
- Page 232 and 233: Appendix A2 Categorization of Paten
- Page 234 and 235: R ee cc o m mm e nn dd C o m pp a n
- Page 236 and 237: RR e c oo mm m e n dd C o m p a n y
- Page 238 and 239: R e c o m m e nn d C o m p a nn y s
- Page 240 and 241: R ee c o m m ee n d C o m p a n yy
- Page 242 and 243: R e c o m m e nn d C o m p a n y s
- Page 244 and 245: R ee c o m m ee n d C o m p a n yy
- Page 246 and 247: R e c o m m e nn d C o m p a n y s
- Page 248 and 249: R e c o m m e n d C o m p a n yy s
- Page 250 and 251: R e c oo m m e n d s e c o n d l o
- Page 252 and 253: R ee c o m m ee nn d s e c o nn d l
- Page 254 and 255: R e c o m m e n d s e c o n d l o o
- Page 256 and 257: Appendix B Glossary amortization: A
- Page 258 and 259: eduction costs could purchase exces
- Page 260: Seg-Melt: Glass melting furnace tha
- Page 263 and 264: Associate Members: Advanced Manufac
- Page 265 and 266: (C.6. Resource Contacts - Continued
- Page 268 and 269: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbott, E., “Compari
- Page 270 and 271: Bezborodov, M. A., “The Effect of
- Page 272 and 273: Enninga, G., K. Dytrych, and H. Bar
- Page 276 and 277: McCauley, R. A., “Evolution of Fl
- Page 278 and 279: Pieper, H., “Flexible Melting Fur
- Page 280 and 281: Schulz, R. L., Z. Fathi, D. E. Clar
- Page 282 and 283: Tooley, F. V., Handbook of Glass Ma
- Page 284: contributed by Nancy Lemon, Knowled
- Page 288 and 289: INDEX Accelerated melting, 66-69, 9
- Page 290 and 291: 71-72; Successes, 11; PPG P-10 Proc
- Page 292: ISBN: 0-9761283-0-6 Printed in the