Bezborodov, M. A., “The Effect of Some Minor Additives on the Fusion Temperatures of <strong>Glass</strong>es,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram., 16 [10] (1959). Boelens, S., A. Bolder, R. van Herten, <strong>and</strong> A. Rikken, “Dutch <strong>Glass</strong>maker's Survey of Energy Saving <strong>Technology</strong>,” <strong>Glass</strong> (London), 69 [10] 415–420 (1992). Boen, M., M. Ladirat, M. Bonnal, <strong>and</strong> M. D. Delage, “Induction <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> in Cold Crucible,” Ind. Ceram., 935 176–177 (1998). Boettner, G. B., “Method for Fining Molten <strong>Glass</strong>,” U.S. Patent 4,994,099 (17 April 1989). Boldyrev, R. A., E. R. Ushmaikin, <strong>and</strong> V. G. Zheltov, “<strong>Glass</strong> Batch Preheating Performance: A Review,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 44 [11-12] 483–489 (1987). Bondarev, K. T., <strong>and</strong> V. V. Pollyak, “High-Temperature <strong>Melting</strong> of <strong>Glass</strong>,” Steklo Keram., 1971 [1] 8–12 (1971). Booth, E., “The Development <strong>and</strong> Future of Electric <strong>Melting</strong>,” Glastek. Tidskr., 42 [2] 31–35 (1987). Booth, E., <strong>and</strong> T. J. Harper, “Applications of Electric Boost,” <strong>Glass</strong> (London), 71 [6] 209–210 (1994). Bost, J., <strong>and</strong> R. Carroll, “The Use of Waste Heat Gases from a <strong>Glass</strong> Furnace to Operate a Turbine,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 1 [1-2] 37–42 (1980). Botvinkin, O. K., “<strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> in a Vacuum,” Keram. Steklo, 11 [1] 32–33 (1935). Boussant-Roux, Y., A. Zanoli, <strong>and</strong> C. Naturel, “Enhancement of Heat Transfer in Regenerators,” <strong>Glass</strong> Prod. Technol. Int., 1994 63–65 (1994). Boussant-Roux, Y., A. Zanoli, <strong>and</strong> C. Naturel, “Improving the Heat Transfer in Regenerators,” Ind. Ceram., 888 808–811 (1993). Boyd, D. C., <strong>and</strong> D. A. Thompson, “<strong>Glass</strong>”; pp. 807–880 in Encyclopedia of Chemical <strong>Technology</strong>. Eds., R. E. Kirk, D. F. Othmer, M. Grayson, <strong>and</strong> D. Eckroth. Wiley, New York, 1978–1984. Brown, J. R., “Batch Briqueting — A Production Trial,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 4 [3-4] 236–246 (1983). Brown, T., “Electric <strong>Melting</strong> — Batch Blanket <strong>Technology</strong>,” <strong>Glass</strong> Prod. Technol. Int., 1993 65–67 (1993). Browning, R., <strong>and</strong> J. Nabors, “Regenerative Oxygen Heat Recovery for Improved Oxy-Fuel <strong>Glass</strong> Melter Efficiency,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 18 [1] 251–265 (1997). Bunting, J. A., <strong>and</strong> B. H. Bieler, “Batch-Free Time versus Crucible Volume in <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong>,” Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 48 [8] 781–785 (1969). Cable, M., “Century of Developments in <strong>Glass</strong>melting Research,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 81 [5] 1083–1094 (1998). Cable, M., “Development in <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong>. Scientific Background,” Glastek. Tidskr, 29 [1] 11–20 (1974). Cable, M., “The Development of <strong>Glass</strong>-melting Furnaces, 1850-1950,” Trans.–Newcomen Soc., 71 205–228 (2000). Cable, M., “The Effect of S<strong>and</strong>-grain Size <strong>and</strong> Refining Agents on <strong>Melting</strong> <strong>and</strong> Refining of <strong>Glass</strong>,” Symp. Fusion Verre, C. R., 1958 253–268 (1958). Cable, M., “<strong>Glass</strong>making. The <strong>Melting</strong> Process,” Glastek. Tidskr, 24 [6] 147–152 (1969). Cable, M., <strong>and</strong> M. Siddiqui, “Replacement of Soda Ash by Caustic Soda in Laboratory <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Trials,” <strong>Glass</strong> Technol., 21 [4] 193–198 (1980). Cable, M. J., “Challenge to Improve Large-scale <strong>Glass</strong>melting,” Silikaty (Prague), 30 [2] 155–168 (1986). Cable, M. J., “The Possibilities of Progress in <strong>Glass</strong>melting,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 73 [1-3] 451–461 (1985). Carroll, H. R., <strong>and</strong> J. J. Angelo, “Adding Lithium Can Improve <strong>Melting</strong>-forming Performance,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ind., 64 [11] 14–16 (1983). Carvalho, M. G., <strong>and</strong> F. C. Lockwood, “Thermal Comparison of <strong>Glass</strong> Furnace Operation with Oil <strong>and</strong> Natural Gas,” Glastech. Ber., 63 [9] 233–243 (1990). Carvalho, M. G., <strong>and</strong> M. Nogueira, “Improvement of Energy Efficiency in <strong>Glass</strong>-melting Furnaces, Cement Kilns <strong>and</strong> Baking Ovens,” Appl. Therm. Eng., 17 [8/10] 921 (1997). Cenacchi, G., “Method for transforming surplus mud from purification processes for civil <strong>and</strong>/or industrial recycled water into inert substances <strong>and</strong> plant for the realization of this method,” European Patent 0,398,298 (17 May 1989). Cerchez, M., T. Elena, <strong>and</strong> C. Spurcaciu, “Kinetic Assessment of the Raw Materials <strong>Glass</strong> Batch Reactivity When Using <strong>Melting</strong> Acids or Pellets,” Sprechsaal, 118 [9] 755–756, 8 (1985). Chamberl<strong>and</strong>, R. P., D. Pörtner, T. C. Saver, <strong>and</strong> R. W. Schroeder, “Energy Recovery in 100% Oxy-Fuel <strong>Melting</strong>,” <strong>Glass</strong> (London), 74 [8] 312, 5, 6 (1997). Chapman, C., “State-of-the-Art of Waste <strong>Glass</strong> Melters,” pp. 485–493 in Ceramic Transactions, Vol. 29 Advances in Fusion <strong>and</strong> Processing of <strong>Glass</strong>. ed., A. K. Varshneya, D. F. Bickford, <strong>and</strong> P. Bihuniak. American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 1993. Chapman, C. C., J. M. Pope, <strong>and</strong> S. M. Barnes, “Electric <strong>Melting</strong> of Nuclear Waste <strong>Glass</strong>es--State of the Art,” J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 84 [1-3] 226–240 (1986). 253
Charles River Associates Incorporated, “Advanced <strong>Glass</strong> Melter <strong>Technology</strong> Assessment,” Report Prepared for the Gas Research Institute, October 1988 Chistyakov, V. A., <strong>and</strong> N. M. Pervushin, “Periodic Bubbling of <strong>Glass</strong> in Small Continuous-action Furnaces,” Steklo Keram., 1976 [8] 32–33 (1976). Choudhary, M. K., “Mathematical Modeling of Transport Phenomena In <strong>Glass</strong> Furnaces: An Overview of Status <strong>and</strong> Needs,” Verre (Versailles), 6 [6] 14–19 (2000). Clark, T. P., “<strong>Glass</strong> Furnace Direct Coal Firing,” Can. Clay Ceram. Q., 49 [2] 8, 11 (1976). Clark-Monks, C., “Quality <strong>and</strong> <strong>Melting</strong>,” Int. <strong>Glass</strong> Rev., 1996 [Autumn/Winter] 73–76 (1996). Clark-Monks, C., “Rasorite in <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Reactions,” <strong>Glass</strong> Technol., 13 [5] 138–140 (1972). Cobb, J. W., “Gas Firing <strong>and</strong> <strong>Glass</strong> Industry,” J. Soc. <strong>Glass</strong> Tech., 1 223–238 (1917). Cole, W. E., <strong>and</strong> R. K. Sakhuja, “A Fluidized Bed Heat Exchanger to Preheat <strong>Glass</strong> Batch,” Joint ASME/AIChE National Heat Transfer Conference, 83-HT-95 (1983). Collignon, J., “Method of Evaluation for the Dwell-Time Analysis on <strong>Glass</strong> <strong>Melting</strong> Tanks,” Glastech Ber, 61 [11] 307–311 (1988). Conradt, R., “Local Temperature Distribution <strong>and</strong> Primary Melt Formation in a <strong>Melting</strong> Batch Heap,” Glastech. Ber. 67 [5] 103–113 (1994). Conradt, R., “Some Fundamental Aspects of the Relation Between Pull Rate <strong>and</strong> Energy Consumption of <strong>Glass</strong> Furnaces,” Int. <strong>Glass</strong> J., 20 [108] 22–26 (2000). Cooper, A. R., “Analysis of <strong>Glass</strong> Batch Preheating,” Riv. Stn. Sper. Vetro, 9 [5] 219–228 (1979). Cooper, A. R., “Theory of Continuous <strong>Glass</strong>making. 1. Some Initial Considerations,” XIV Int. Congr. <strong>Glass</strong> — Coll. Pap., 3 1–8 (1986). Corneck, R. H., “Heat Reclaimers Provide Energy Savings,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ind., 69 [4] 31–32+ (1988). Costa, P., “<strong>Melting</strong> Behavior of Pelletized <strong>Glass</strong> Batch,” Glastech. Ber., 50 [1] 10–18 (1977). Cozac, D., et al., “<strong>Glass</strong> melting furnace,” U.S. Patent 5,078,777 (29 April 1988). Cozzi, C., P. Blanchet, <strong>and</strong> J. Segond, “Design of a <strong>Glass</strong> Furnace Throat by Means of a Single Mathematical Model,” <strong>Glass</strong> Technol., 24 [2] 63–66 (1983). Cozzi, C., P. Blanchet, <strong>and</strong> J. Segond, “Furnace Throat <strong>and</strong> Its Functions,” <strong>Glass</strong> Int., 57 [3] 25-6 (1980). Credit Lyonnois Securities, Inc., “Saint Gobain,” Security Analysts’ Report, May 1, 2002. Ctyroky, V., “Briquetting of <strong>Glass</strong> Mixes,” Sklarske Rozhl., 17, 3–10 (1940). Daniels, M., “<strong>Melting</strong> Behavior of <strong>Glass</strong> Batches,” Glastech. Ber. 50 [1] 10–18 (1977). De Saro, R., L. W. Donaldson, <strong>and</strong> C. W. Hibscher, “Fluidized Bed <strong>Glass</strong> Batch Preheater: II,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 8 [3-4] 171–180 (1987). De Saro, R., G. Ridderbusch, J. Pagliarini, L. Donaldson, <strong>and</strong> S. Panahe, “Results of Scaled Testing <strong>and</strong> Analytical Investigations of a Cullet Preheater,” Ceram. Eng. Sci. Proc., 9 [3-4] 264–272 (1988). Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., “PPG Industries, Inc.,” Security Analysts’ Report. Di Bello, P. M., “Time to Rethink Batch Prereactions,” <strong>Glass</strong> (London), 69 [3] 113–114 (1992). DMG World Media, “World <strong>Glass</strong> File,” 3rd Edition, 2002. Doremus, R. H., <strong>Glass</strong> Science. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973. Ducharme, R., Scarfe F, Kapadia P, <strong>and</strong> Dowden J, “The Induction <strong>Melting</strong> of <strong>Glass</strong>,” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 24 [5] 658–663(6) (1991). Dusdorf, W., D. Höhne, <strong>and</strong> G. Nölle, “Influencing the <strong>Melting</strong> Behavior of <strong>Glass</strong> Batches,” Silikattechnik, 34 [2] 35–38 (1983). Dzieciol, C., “Granulation of <strong>Glass</strong> Batch <strong>and</strong> Process of Its <strong>Melting</strong>,” Szklo Ceram., 29 [8] 205–209 (1978). Dzyuzer, V., V. B. Kut'in, <strong>and</strong> N. I. Kokarev, “Increasing the Luminosity of Flame in the <strong>Glass</strong>melting Furnace,” <strong>Glass</strong> Ceram. (Engl. Transl.), 36 [10] 580–582 (1979). Ehrig, R., J. Wieg<strong>and</strong>, <strong>and</strong> E. Neubauer, "Five Years of Operational Expertience with the SORG LoNOx Melter,” Glastech. Ber. <strong>Glass</strong> Sci. <strong>and</strong> Technol. 68 [2] 73–78 (1995). Elich, J. J., G. A. A. 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Glass Melting Technology: A Technic
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Disclaimer This document was prepar
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Glass Melting Technology: A Technic
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cyclical economy. Specialty glass m
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Reference The report is supplemente
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Preface The glass industry is under
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While this section was not a major
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5. All traditional glass segments a
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• Energy issues Glass melting is
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The issue of funding for research a
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Chapter I Technical Assessment of G
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process when it introduced continuo
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Figure I.1. Quality, Energy, Throug
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credible forecasts that energy cost
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Capital-intensive manufacturing bus
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silica sand with a variety of indus
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I.4. Motivation to advance melting
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would be possible with a more detai
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efining, higher performance refract
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A major regional producer, the Unit
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continues to operate using technolo
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The percentage used for batch melti
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having fewer producers of major com
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Flat glass Forecasters predict an a
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glass fiber in some applications an
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With the high capital cost of new g
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The economic viability of electric
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development and capital investment
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investment of the traditional glass
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and increase cooperation on the hig
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The melting processes for silica-ba
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In the regenerative furnace, two re
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• Unit melter The unit melter is
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Furnace emissions are reduced and t
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glass. Electric boost is often used
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materials, state-of-the-art equipme
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Figure IV.1. PPG P-10 Primary Melte
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system. Applications for the techno
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stable and controlled operating pro
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Four test series using oxy-gas burn
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In the AGM melting process, mixed b
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Melter controls are extremely sophi
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simplify heat exchange technique th
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square or rectangular hopper locate
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After operating for over 12 years,
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The modular design of the device ma
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A single-phase 600-KW saturable rea
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IV.9.2. Fusion et Affinage Rapide (
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gases leave this compartment and gi
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Chapter V Industry Perspective on M
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problems that confront the entire i
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and port structures. Fuel savings o
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Glass manufacturers of all products
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here. To remain vigorous and compet
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RAY RICHARDS holds a BS in chemistr
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Chapter VI Vision for Glassmaking V
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VI.3. Economic perspective The majo
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and facility construction and plant
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Introduction In the course of gener
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totally replaced by barium, zinc or
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of soda. Other raw materials includ
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Batch melting in combustion furnace
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1.3. Detailed description of the fu
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increase reactions in soda-lime-sil
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promoted by the addition of fine-gr
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The presence of some distinct solid
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surface and escape from the melt. S
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Homogenization can also be aided by
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Batch melting strongly depends on t
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downstream operations, these bubble
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furnaces generally have better spec
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fundamental change in heat transfer
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or long-term trends and judges the
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Thermal momentum Thermal momentum i
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elative to a defined zero with prec
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glassmaking have proven to be more
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• Fuzzy Control Automation soluti
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• Oxygen furnace (MPC) • Refine
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3.A. Submerged Combustion Melting N
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• The Year 1 go-no-go decision po
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splitting the fuel-oxidant mixture
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and has proved highly reliable. The
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The project team has agreed to form
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3.B. High-Intensity Plasma Glass Me
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Plasmelt will utilize a full-scale
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Plasmelt has assembled a world-clas
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maintained as a process development
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entrainment by reducing melter size
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Glass melting began two weeks befor
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3.C. Advanced Oxy-Fuel Fired Front-
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3.D. Segmented Melting System Ruud
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supplemental energy input in a form
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Appendix A. Literature Review Glass
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A.2. Manufacturing flexibility Plac
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A.5. Recycled cullet use Increased
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Technology for direct heating withi
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and diverting funds from R&D and ot
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RR e c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
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RR ee c o m m e n d s e c oo n dd l
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RR ee c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
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RR e c o m m e n d s e c oo n d l o
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RR e c o m m e n d C o m p a n y s
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RR e c o m m e n d s e c oo n d l o
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- Page 268 and 269: BIBLIOGRAPHY Abbott, E., “Compari
- Page 272 and 273: Enninga, G., K. Dytrych, and H. Bar
- Page 274 and 275: Kawachi, S., M. Kato, and Y. Kawase
- Page 276 and 277: McCauley, R. A., “Evolution of Fl
- Page 278 and 279: Pieper, H., “Flexible Melting Fur
- Page 280 and 281: Schulz, R. L., Z. Fathi, D. E. Clar
- Page 282 and 283: Tooley, F. V., Handbook of Glass Ma
- Page 284: contributed by Nancy Lemon, Knowled
- Page 288 and 289: INDEX Accelerated melting, 66-69, 9
- Page 290 and 291: 71-72; Successes, 11; PPG P-10 Proc
- Page 292: ISBN: 0-9761283-0-6 Printed in the