Contents

Subject Index 483experiments, of, 187, 195–201,314–318extraneous variables and, 196–197intact groups and, 195placebo control, 200–201quasi-experiments, of, 321–322subject attrition (loss) and, 197–200,235, 366threats to, 195, 229–230, 314–318true vs. quasi-experiments and,314–322Internet daily diary, 119Internet researchciting information from, 437–438databases, 424–425, 431discussion groups, 98, 121–122electronic journals, 425ethical issues and, 11, 58–59, 63, 78,129–130potential of, 11recording behavior and, 119scientific psychology and, 11surveys and, 152–154website for, 11Internet survey, 152–154Interobserver reliability, 124. See alsoObserver reliabilityInterrupted time-series designexternal validity of, 335internal validity of, 334–335simple, 332–335with nonequivalent control group,335–336Interval scale, 115–118, 173Intervening variables, 51–52Intervention. See Experimentalcondition; Independent variable;Manipulation; NaturaltreatmentInterviewer bias, 150Interviews. See Personal interviews;also Survey researchIntuition, role of, in science, 29–30, 50IRB. See Institutional Review BoardIrrelevant independent variable,270–271Journals (psychology). See alsoCommunication in psychologyciting information from, 82, 430,437–438electronic, 425rejection rate, 422searching, 431Latin Square (counterbalancing),238–239Level of significance, 208–209, 362,385. See also Inferential statistics;Null hypothesis significancetesting (NHST); StatisticalsignificanceLine graphs, 259, 267, 272, 410, 415Linear trend, 374. See also CorrelationLoaded question (survey), 171Local history effect, 329Longitudinal design (surveyresearch), 158–161Mail survey, 148–150Main effect. See also Simple main effectcomplex designs and, 250, 253–257,266–268, 413defined, 253interpreting, 253–255, 258–259, 413Manipulation (of independentvariable), 31–32, 187, 189–191,291. See also Causal inference;True experimentMargin of error, 361Matched groups design, 215–217Maturation (threat to internalvalidity), 315Mean (average), 123–124, 204, 356Mean square error. See Analysis ofVariance (ANOVA)Measurement (of behavior). See alsoRecording behaviorarchival data, 110central tendency, 355checklists, 117–118dependent variable and, 32,186–187electronic, 118–119nonreactive (unobtrusive), 106–112physical traces, 107–109physical vs. psychological, 37–38products, 107, 109psychological, 37–38qualitative, 44quantitative, 44questionnaires, 165ratings, 117–118reactivity and, 100relative frequency, 122reliability of, 38scales, 115–118scientific method and, 38–40self–report, 164–167unobtrusive (nonreactive), 106–112use traces, 107validity of, 38variability, 123, 356Measurement scales, 115–118. Seealso MeasurementMeasures of behavior. SeeMeasurement; Questionnaires;Unobtrusive measuresMeasures of central tendency,123, 355–356. See also CentraltendencyMeasures of dispersion (variability),123, 356. See also Range;Standard deviationMechanical subject loss, 197. See alsoSubject attrition (loss)Media, research findings in, 17–18Median, 355–356. See also CentraltendencyMediator variable, 176–177Meta-analysis, 205–206, 359, 434Minimal risk, 64–66. See also RiskMixed design, 414–416Mode, 355. See also Central tendencyModerator variable, 176–177Moral context of science, 13–14Multimethod approach (to hypothesistesting), 23, 177, 185Multiple-baseline designacross behaviors, 300across individuals (subjects),299–301across situations, 300–301generalizing from, 302–303methodological issues, 302–305N 1 designs. See Single-subject(small-n) experimental designsNarrative recordanalysis of, 120coding, 120–122considerations, 120–121defined, 113field notes, 114illustration, 113–114improving quality of, 114Natural groups designcausal inferences and, 218, 273–275complex design and, 273–275defined, 218independent groups and, 217–219individual differences variableand, 217interaction effect and, 272–275Natural groups variable. See Individualdifferences (subject) variableNatural treatment, 110–111Naturalistic observation, 97–100defined, 97goals of, 98Natural-use traces, 108Negative correlation, 125–126, 376.See also CorrelationNHST. See Null hypothesissignificance testing (NHST)Nobel Prize, 8Nominal scale, 115–117, 173Nomothetic approach, 41–43, 287Noncomparable successivesamples, 157Nonequivalent control group designcharacteristics of, 323defined, 323–324external validity and, 331illustration, 324–331sources of invalidity in, 327–331