Contents

Subject Index 485defined, 321external validity and, 331, 335internal validity and, 318–321,327–331, 334–335interrupted time series(simple), 332–335nonequivalent controlgroup, 322–331time series with nonequivalentcontrol group, 335–336vs. true experiments, 311Questionnaire (survey)accuracy and precision of, 163analysis of responses, 172–173constructing, steps in, 167–173effective wording of questions(guidelines), 169–171ordering of questions, 171–173reliability of, 164–167self-reports and, 164–167validity of, 164–167wording of questions in, 169–171Random assignmentbalancing and, 187–188,191–197, 207block randomizationand, 193–197, 207defined, 188inferential statistics and, 207, 397intact groups, of, 195–196internal validity and, 187–188,191–193natural settings and, 313quasi-experiments and,311–314random groups designand, 188–195, 207true experiments and, 311Random digit dialing, 151Random groups design. See alsoIndependent groups designsanalysis of, 201–210, 261–268,350–371, 385–391, 396–407,410–414complex design and, 261–268defined, 187–188example of, 188–193external validity and, 211–215independent groups and, 187–193internal validity and, 187–188, 311Random numbers, table of, 443Random sampling (selection). See alsoRepresentativeness (of samples)simple, 145–148stratified, 147–148Random starting order with rotation(counterbalancing), 238–239Range, 356. See also Descriptive statistics;Variability (measures)Rating scale, 117–118. See alsoMeasurement of behaviorRatio scale (measure), 115–118Reactivity. See also Observation;Unobtrusive (nonreactive)methodscontrol for, 107, 126–129defined, 100Recording behavior. See alsoMeasurement of behaviorclassification of methods, 97comprehensive records, 113–114electronic records, 118–119field notes, 114frequency, 114–118, 292–297, 300goals of, 113narrative records, 113–114qualitative records, 119–122quantitative records, 122–126relative frequency, 122selected records, 114–115Regression (to the mean)defined, 316threat to internal validity, 316Relative frequency, 122Relevant independent variable,270–271Reliabilitydefined, 38experimental, 38, 202instrument, 38inter-observer, 124measurement and, 38observer, 124–125replication and, 202test-retest, 164–165self-report measures and,164–167Repeated measures designsanalysis of, 240–243, 364–366,391–392, 407–410complete, 230–235defined, 226differential transfer, problemof, 243–244effect size and, 241error variation, 242–243incomplete, 230, 235–239mixed designs and, 414–416practice effects and, 228–239reasons for using, 226–228repeated measurements and, 228sensitivity of, 227, 389, 409t-test for, 243Repeated measures (within subjects)t-test, 243Replicationconceptual, 214–215defined, 202external validity and, 214–215,290, 321partial, 214Report writing. See Research reportwritingReporting results (and scientificmethod), 33–34, 81–84, 386,432–436. See also Researchreport writingAPA on, 391, 393–396, 407, 423–424,426–429, 432, 435–439Representativeness (of sample)convenience sample and,144–145defined, 94, 143event sampling and, 95external validity and, 94, 321probability sampling and,145–146random sampling, 145–148situation sampling, 95–96survey research and, 140, 157time sampling and, 94–95Research (process)applied vs. basic, 49, 313, 338–440evaluating research reports, 17–19,33–34getting started in, 18–23intuition and, 29–30, 50multimethod approach, 23,177, 185qualitative vs. quantitative, 43–44steps of, 22thinking like a researcher, 15–17Research designs/methods (types of)applied, 48–49basic research, 48–49applied behavior analysis, 282,291–293case study, 282–291complex experimental designs,250–275correlational, 138descriptive, 92–182experimental, 184–276experimental analysis of behavior,282, 291–292field experiment, 105–106independent groups designs,185–221Internet and, 11,152–154laboratory vs. natural setting, 312matched groups designs,215–217mixed designs, 414–416natural groups designs,217–219observational, 93–132psychophysical, 228, 281quasi-experimental, 321–336repeated measures, 226–244single-case, 281single-subject (small-n), 291–295survey research, 154–161unobtrusive (nonreactive),106–112Research proposals, 440–441