Contents

482 Subject IndexExperiment (Continued)true, 187, 311–321true vs. quasi-, 321–322Experimental analysis of behavior,282, 291–292Experimental condition (treatment),32–33, 187Experimental designscomplex, 250–276factorial, 250independent groups, 185–221matched groups, 215–217mixed design, 414–416natural groups, 217–219quasi-, 311, 321–336random groups, 187–193repeated measures, 226–246single-factor independent groups,188–195, 396–407single-subject (small-n), 291–305within-subjects. See repeatedmeasuresExperimental methods, 183–278. Seealso Experimental designsExperimenter (observer) effects, 131,200–201, 330. See also ReactivityExplanation as goal of scientificmethod, 40–41, 46–48, 185. Seealso Causal inference;Experimental methodsExternal validityarchival data and, 110case study and, 290defined, 94, 211establishing, 211–215experiments, of, 211–215interactions and, 269–272interrupted-time series design,of, 335laboratory studies and, 312naturalistic observation and, 98nonequivalent control groupdesign, of, 331replication and, 214, 321, 331sampling and, 94single-case (small-n) experimentaldesign and, 303threats to, 320–321Extraneous variables, 196Extreme score. See Outlierf (effect size). See Cohen’s fF-distribution, critical values of,445–446F-test (defined), 397–398. See alsoAnalysis of variance (ANOVA)Facebook, 98Factorial combination (design), 250.See also Complex designsField experiment, 105–106, 212–213defined, 105Field notes, 114Figures. See GraphsFilter question (survey), 172Floor (ceiling) effect, 272Frequency (measure of behavior),114–118, 292–297, 300Generality of research findings, 48.See also External validityGetting to know the data, 202,347–348, 350–355, 372Graphs (graphing)bar, 259, 368, 370, 435–436constructing, 435line, 259, 267, 272, 410, 415, 435Group methodology, 42–43, 281, 287.See also Complex design; Independentgroups design; Mixeddesign; Nomothetic approach;Repeated measures designHabituation (adaptation), 128–129Hawthorne effect, 320. See alsoNovelty effectsHistory (threat to internal validity), 315Holding conditions constant, 187, 191.See also Control techniques;Internal validityHypothesis(es). See also Nullhypothesis significance testing(NHST)circular, 40defined, 21, 38–40developing, 21multimethod approach and, 23, 185null, 208, 385, 389scientific theories and, 39testability, 39–40IACUC. See Institutional AnimalCare and Use CommitteeIdiographic approach, 43, 287. Seealso Case study methodIllusory correlation, 29Incomplete within-subjects design,230, 235–239Independent groups design, 184–221analysis of, 396–402, 410–416complex, 250–276, 410–416defined, 188effect size in, 204intact groups and, 195matched groups, 215–217mixed design and, 414–416natural groups, 217–219power for, 403–404random groups, 188single-factor, 397t-test, 208, 391two-factor, 250–276, 410–414Independent variableconfounding and, 48, 187, 314–318defined, 32, 32nindividual differences, 32n, 217manipulation of, 31–32, 187,189–191, 291natural groups and, 217–219relevant vs. irrelevant, 270–271selected, 32n, 217single-subject (small-n) experimentand, 293Indirect observation. See Observation;Unobtrusive measuresIndividual differences (subjectvariabledefined, 32n, 217natural groups design and, 217–219repeated measures designsand, 229Inferential statistics, 207–208, 385. Seealso Null hypothesissignificance testing (NHST); alsospecific testsInformed consent, 66–78defined, 67tips on obtaining, 70Institutional Animal Care and UseCommittee (IACUC), 59–62, 80Institutional Review Board (IRB),59–62, 69–70Instrumentation (threat to internalvalidity), 316Instruments, 36–37. See alsoQuestionnaires; Rating scalesaccuracy, 36–37calibration, 36precision, 36reliability, 38scientific method and, 36–38Intact groups, testing, 195. See alsoThreats to internal validityInteraction effectanalysis of, 262–266, 411–413ceiling (floor) effects and, 271–272defined, 256describing, 257–260, 263–266external validity and, 269–271interpreting, 255–260, 263–266mixed designs and, 416natural groups design and,272–275relevant variables and, 271simple main effect and, 412–413subtraction method and, 259theory testing and, 268–269,272–275three-way, 260–261two-way, 256, 260Internal validity. See alsoConfounding; Controltechniques; Threats to internalvaliditydefined, 187, 195, 315double-blind experiments and, 201estimating, 331