Contents

Subject IndexABAB (reversal) design, 295–298ethical issues, 298methodological issues, 297–298ABBA counterbalancing, 230–232Accuracy of measurementinstruments, 36–38observation, 33–34questionnaires, 163Adaptation (desensitization,habituation), 127–129Additive effects with selection (asthreats to internal validity),317–318history and, 317–318instrumentation and, 318maturation and, 317All possible orders (counterbalancing),237–238Alpha. See Level of significanceAmerican Psychiatric Association,40–42American PsychologicalAssociation (APA)Committee on Animal Researchand Ethics (CARE), 80Ethics Code, 13–14, 58–86history of, 9Publication Manual, 85, 391, 394–395,407, 423–424, 426–429, 432,435–439website, 10, 58, 85, 422, 437Analysis of data, 119–126, 201–211,347–420, See also Analysis ofvariance (ANOVA; F-test);Chi-square test of contingency;Confidence intervals; Correlation;Descriptive statistics; Nullhypothesis significance testing(NHST); t-test; Quantitative vs.qualitativecomputer-assisted, 349, 400illustration for an experiment,350–371stages, 203, 347–348, 350–371, 384Analysis of variance (ANOVA;F-test)complex designs and, 267–268,410–416defined, 396–398effect size and, 402–403, 406, 410,414, 416independent groups designs and,396–402, 410–416interaction effects and, 267–268,411–414logic of, 396–398main effect, 250, 253–257,266–268, 413mean square, 401, 405, 434mixed designs and, 414–416null hypothesis, 398omnibus F-test, 208, 398–402power and, 403–404repeated measures designs and,407–410simple main effect, 412single-factor independent groupsdesigns and, 396–402statistical significanceand, 400–402, 408–409,415–416sum of squares and, 401, 410,414–415summary table, 400–401,408–409, 415table of critical values of F,445–446two-factor independent groupsdesigns and, 410–414ANOVA. See Analysis of variance(ANOVA; F-test)Anticipation effects, 235APA Publication Manual. SeeAmerican PsychologicalAssociation (APA)Application as goal of scientificmethod, 40–41, 48–49,336–340Applied behavior analysis, 282,291–293Applied researchdefined, 49vs. basic research, 49, 312, 338–340Archival data (records)case studies and, 282coding, 120–122content analysis, 120–122defined, 110episodic records, 107, 110interrupted times series designand, 332natural treatment and, 110–111problems and limitations of,111–112program evaluation and, 337rationale for,110running records, 107, 110selective deposit, 111selective survival, 112types of, 110–111Arithmetic mean (average). See Mean(average)Association for Psychological Science(APS), 9–11, 58, 422website, 10, 11, 422Attrition. See Subject attrition (loss)Average. See MeanBalancing. See also Counterbalancingblock randomization, 193–197,232–233extraneous variables and, 196, 187independent groups designs and,187, 191–193internal validity and, 187practice effects and, 230–239random assignment and, 187–188,193–197, 207repeated measures designs and,230–239Bar graphs, 259, 368, 370, 435–436Baseline stage, 293–294, 303–304Basic researchdefined, 49vs. applied, 49, 312, 338–340Behavior. See Applied behavior analysis;Baseline stage; Experimentalanalysis of behavior; Measurementof behavior; Recordingbehavior; Samplingcorrespondence between reportedand actual, 173–175self-report measures and,164–167, 174Behaviorism, 7–9Biasarchival data and, 111–112case studies and, 289–290cognitive, 29ethnocentrism, 12–13expectancy effects, 131–132, 330experimenter (observer), 131–132,200–201Internet and, 153interviewer, 150observer (experimenter), 131–132,200–201, 330physical traces and, 109response, 171response rate, 149sampling, 143–145, 149–153selection, 143surveys and, 143–145, 149–153Blind (experimenter, observer),132, 201479