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84 PART I: General IssuesTABLE 3.1EXAMPLE OF PLAGIARISM AND CORRECT CITATIONActual Text (Example of a Correctly Cited Direct Quote)“Informed by developments in case law, the police use various methods of interrogation—including the presentation of false evidence (e.g., fake polygraph, fingerprints, or other forensictest results; staged eyewitness identifications), appeals to God and religion, feigned friendship,and the use of prison informants” (Kassin & Kiechel, 1996, p. 125).Example of Plagiarism (No Citation Accompanying Paraphrased Material)Research investigations of deceptive interrogation methods to extract confessions are importantbecause police use false evidence (e.g., fake test results) and false witnesses when interrogatingsuspects. Interrogators also pressure suspects by pretending to be their friends.Paraphrased Material with Correct CitationResearch investigations of deceptive interrogation methods to extract confessions are importantbecause police use false evidence (e.g., fake test results) and false witnesses when interrogatingsuspects (Kassin & Kiechel, 1996). In addition, Kassin and Kiechel state that interrogatorspressure suspects by pretending to be their friends.Based on Table 3.4, Zechmeister, Zechmeister, & Shaughnessy, 2001, p. 71.source, you are telling the reader that you are presenting another person’s interpretationof the original material. Again, ignorance concerning the properform of citation is not an acceptable excuse, and on unfortunate occasionsresearchers— professors as well as students—have seen their careers ruinedby accusations of plagiarism.STEPS FOR ETHICAL COMPLIANCE• Ethical decision making involves reviewing the facts of the proposedresearch situation, identifying relevant ethical issues and guidelines,and considering multiple viewpoints and alternative methods orprocedures.• Authors who submit research manuscripts to an APA journal also mustsubmit forms describing their compliance with ethical standards.Should research participants be placed at risk for serious injury to gain informationabout human behavior? Should psychologists use deception? Is itacceptable to allow animals to suffer in the course of research? These questions,part of ethical decision making, are difficult to answer and require a thoughtfuldecision-making process that, in the end, may lead to answers that do not makeeveryone “happy.” An ethically informed decision process should include thefollowing steps:—Review the facts of the proposed research situation (e.g., participants,procedure).—Identify the relevant ethical issues, guidelines, and law.—Consider multiple viewpoints (e.g., participants, researchers, institutions,society, moral values).—Consider alternative methods or procedures and their consequences,including the consequences of not doing the proposed research.