FM 1-506 Fundamentals of Aircraft Power Plants ... - Survival Books

WWW.SURVIVALEBOOKS.COMFM 1-506CHAPTER 2BACKGROUND, DEVELOPMENT, AND THEORYIn their early attempts at flight humankind soonlearned that the human body was totally inadequate as apropulsion device. They also learned that heavier-thanairaircraft would need power to attain and sustain flight.Early efforts to develop a satisfactory engine includedrocket, steam, jet, and reciprocating engines, but it wasthe reciprocating engine that first pushed the Wrightbrothers aloft. Today’s Army aircraft are propelled by gasturbine and reciprocating engines. While the technologywhich led to these engines is relatively new, the idea is not.EARLY DEVELOPMENTThe AeolipileHero, an Egyptian scientist from Alexandria,developed the first "jet engine" about the year 100 BC.Known as the "aeolipile" (Figure 2-1), it consisted of aboiler, two hollow bent tubes mounted to a sphere, andthe sphere. Steam coming from the boiler enteredthrough the two hollow tubes supporting the sphere. Thesteam then exited through the bent tubes on the sphere,causing it to spin. Hero is said to have used this inventionto pull-open temple doors.The Chimney JackLeonardo Da Vinci designed a device called the"chimney jack" around the year 1500 AD. The chimneyjack was used to turn a roasting skewer. This reactiontypeturbine worked on the principle of heat raising gasesfrom the roasting tire. As the hot air rose, it passedthrough fanlike blades that turned the roast through aseries of gears.RocketsWith the discovery of gunpowder around 1000 ADthe Chinese, probably accidentally through a defectivefirecracker developed the rocket. Rockets were used asearly as 1232 by the Mongols to create fear among enemytroops. A Chinese scholar, Wan Hu attempted to propelhis sled with rockets. He became the first martyr inhumankind’s attempts to fly. Rockets were used in theNapoleonic Wars and the War of 1812. The Germansused V-2 rockets in World War II The most noted use ofrockets is to launch space vehicles.Branca’s Stamping MillIn 1629 an Italian engineer, Giovanni Branca, wasprobably the first to invent an actual impulse turbine.This device, a stamping mill (Figure 2-2), was generatedby a steam-powered turbine. A jet nozzle directed steamonto a horizontality mounted turbine wheel, which thenturned an arrangement of gears that operated his mill.The Steam WagonIn 1687 Isaac Newton attempted to put his newlyformulated laws of motion to the test with his “steam2-1