Situation analySiS

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Situation analySiS of Children in uganda 2015The main demand-side barrier preventing adequate hygiene is lack of awareness about theimportance of hygiene and handwashing (MWE, 2013). In addition, high enrolment levelshave put a strain on school sanitation and hygiene facilities in areas where authorities havenot budgeted for increased numbers of users, leaving the pupil to stance ratio at 70:1 in2013. Other demand-side factors affecting access to water include location, vandalism andthe financial inability for some families to pay user fees.WATERA recent child poverty report (MoGLSD et al., 2014) shows a substantial reduction in theproportion of children without access to safe water, from 39% in 2010 to 30% in 2013.This finding is consistent with a general decline in poverty and deprivation in Uganda overthe decade. The Western region, followed by Central region, has the largest proportionof children deprived of a source of improved water in all survey years (46% and 38%,respectively, in 2011), statistics that are two to three times that of Eastern region (14% in2011). Indeed, the Eastern region has shown the greatest improvement, with a deprivationrate that was cut by more than one half (from 32% to 14%) between 2000 and 2011 (UBOSand ICF International. 2012 – see Appendix 2).While the share of children without access to an improved water source fell, the share ofchildren living more than 30 and 60 minutes (return) from the nearest source of water hasremained close to 60% and 36%, respectively. Distances to the nearest source of water aregreatest in the North (73% requiring more than 30 minutes) and in rural Uganda (66%requiring more than 30 minutes).There is also a rural/urban discrepancy in access to improved drinking water, with nine in10 households in urban areas using improved water sources compared to only two in threehouseholds in rural areas (UBOS and ICF International, 2012).SANITATIONThe proportion of households with any type of latrine increased from 69.6% in 2011/12 to71% in 2012/13 for rural areas, and from 81% to 82% in urban areas (MWE, 2013). Ruralsanitation coverage is below the 2015 national target of 77% coverage. Based on the currenttrends, only 53 (of 112) districts will meet the national target by 2015 (MWE, 2013).Nearly one-third (29%) use an unimproved toilet (generally uncovered pit latrines) andover 40% use either an unimproved or a shared toilet. There are substantial disparities insanitation deprivation in Uganda. For instance, the proportion of children with no toilet inthe North is more than seven times that of the Central region, with Eastern Uganda roughlyin the middle (see Appendix 2). The poorest quintile is by far the most affected (36% ofchildren are without any kind of toilet).Prevalence of diarrhoea varies according to location, although according to the 2011 UDHS,rural children are only slightly more likely than urban children to get diarrhoea (24% and22%; UBOS and ICF International, 2012). Overall, 72% of children with diarrhoea are taken40 thE rIGht to SUrvIvaL
Situation analySiS of Children in uganda 2015for advice or treatment at a health facility and slightly more than half (55%) of childrenwere given either oral rehydration treatment (oRT) or increased fluids (UBoS and ICFInternational, 2012). Additionally, Pereznieto et al. (2014) found in their qualitative workthat many mothers in their study had limited knowledge about water-borne diseases andtreatment of water, which resulted in children falling ill with easily preventable infections.HYGIENEOnly four in every 50 households have a handwashing facility with soap and water (UNICEFcalculation based on UBOS and ICF International, 2012). Handwashing with water and soapis practised most in households in the Kampala, Central 1, and Western regions and least inKaramoja and West Nile regions. overall, 8% of mothers of under-five children had soap andwater readily available for handwashing, far beneath the MWE 2015 target of 50%. Accessto handwashing in rural areas is estimated at 29% (MWE, 2013), meeting the national MWEaction plan target for financial year 2012/13.Management of minor repair and maintenance of water facilities is the responsibility ofWater and Sanitation Committees (WSCs), who contribute cash, and operate and maintainrural water supply and sanitation facilities from each water point. While there is generalrecognition of the importance of improving the governance of water systems, there seemsto be some inadequacy in commitment and ownership among actors responsible for thedifferent areas of the agreed action plan (MWE, 2013).3.3.6 Survival during emergenciesAs a result of climate change and environmental degradation, large areas of Uganda havebeen affected by prolonged dry spells and an increase in the frequency and intensity offlooding. Prolonged dry spells have become a regular occurrence in the cattle corridorstretching from Western and Central to mid Northern and Eastern Uganda. Since 1982, atleast six drought events have affected more than 500,000 people each, at times over 700,000.The 2014 Child-Focused Vulnerability Capacity Assessment found that communities inKaramoja are more vulnerable to the impact of prolonged dry spells because they practisemass deforestation and bush-burning; have low awareness of the effects of climate change;overly depend on agriculture and have limited alternative sources of income (OPM andUNICEF, 2014). Other studies combine structural effects – such as public under-investmentand an over-emphasis on short-term safety net approaches such as food transfers (RestlessDevelopment, 2013; Levine, 2010) – as drivers of vulnerability and poverty.The areas prone to floods are Kampala, Northern, South-West and Eastern regions. Theseareas are more vulnerable to floods because of low-lying terrain, poor enforcement ofriverbank and wetland management regulations, unpredictable weather, poor physicalplanning, settlement in flood basins and poor infrastructure. Vulnerability to epidemicand epizootic disease outbreaks also remains worrying. Malaria is the commonest cause ofmorbidity and mortality in the country.thE rIGht to SUrvIvaL41
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Situation analySiS

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