Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers

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Table A–7. Working lifetime percent, excess risk estimates of low-mass concentrations of CNTassociated with minimal (grade 1) lung effectsWorking lifetime excess risk (%) *Subchronic inhalationstudy in ratsWorking lifetime8-hr TWA airborneconcentration (µg/m 3 )Maximum likelihoodestimate (MLE)95% Upperconfidence limit ofMLEDeposited lung burden (assumes no clearance)Ma-Hock et al. [2009] 1 33 542 80 967 >99 >99Pauluhn [2010] 1 16 302 50 727 >99 >99Retained lung burden (assumes normal clearance)Ma-Hock et al. [2009 1 3.7 102 7.4 207 49 73Pauluhn [2010] 1 2.4 5.32 4.8 107 25 42*45-year working lifetime; estimated from multistage model (degree 2) [US EPA 2010] for exposures greater than 10% BMC(L)and by linear extrapolation from the 10% BMC(L) in Table A–5 for lower exposures.116 NIOSH CIB 65 • Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers
Table A–8. Working lifetime percent, excess risk estimates of low-mass concentrations of CNTassociated with slight/mild (grade 2) lung effectsWorking lifetime excess risk (%) *Subchronic inhalationstudy in ratsWorking lifetime8-hr TWA airborneconcentration (µg/m 3 )Maximum likelihoodestimate (MLE)95% Upperconfidence limit ofMLEDeposited lung burden (assumes no clearance)Ma-Hock et al. [2009] 1 10 162 31 447 99 >99Pauluhn [2010] 1 1.6 3.02 3.1 6.17 12 24Retained lung burden (assumes normal clearance)Ma-Hock et al. [2009 1 1.6 2.52 3.2 5.07 12 21Pauluhn [2010] 1 0.23 0.532 4.5 1.07 1.6 3.7*45-year working lifetime; estimated from multistage model (degree 2) [US EPA 2010] for exposures greater than 10% BMC(L)and by linear extrapolation from the 10% BMC(L) in Table A–6 for lower exposures.NIOSH CIB 65 • Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers117
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CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 65Occ
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Current Intelligence Bulletin 65Occ
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ForewordThe Occupational Safety and
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Executive SummaryOverviewCarbon nan
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2009; Pauluhn 2010a; Porter et al.
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neurogenic sig nals from sensory ir
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possible. Until the results from an
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••Follow exposure and hazard as
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Periodic Evaluations••Evaluatio
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ContentsForeword ..................
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A.3.2 Comparison of Short-term and
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ESPFeFMPSFPSSgGMGSDHCLHECHEPAhrISOI
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AcknowledgementsThis Current Intell
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1 IntroductionMany nanomaterial-bas
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2 Potential for ExposureThe novel a
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CNMs, with MWCNT agglomerates obser
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composite materials with local exha
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information on air contaminants. Sa
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3 Evidence for Potential Adverse He
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decreasing agglomerate size increas
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examined up to 60 days post-exposur
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3.3 SWCNT and MWCNTIntraperitoneal
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The same potency sequence was obser
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Table 3-3. Findings from published
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Table 3-7 (Continued). Findings fro
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length, respectively) [Muller et al
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5 CNT Risk Assessment and Recommend
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A-6). Risk estimates derived from o
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Table 5-4. Factors, assumptions, an
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and analytical methods. NIOSH is re
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Table 5-5. Recommended occupational
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deficits in animals or clinically s
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(3) Rat lung dose estimationIn the
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tasks where worker exposures exceed
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As part of the evaluation of worker
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Table 6-1. EC LODs and LOQs for 25-
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6.2 Engineering ControlsOne of the
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Table 6-6 (Continued). Examples of
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Table 6-7 (Continued). Engineering
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exposure estimates for SWCNT on ind
Page 92 and 93: Table 6-8. Respiratory protection f
Page 94 and 95: ••Workers in areas or in jobs w
Page 97 and 98: 7 Research NeedsAdditional data and
Page 99 and 100: ReferencesACGIH [1984]. Particle si
Page 101 and 102: Bolton RE, Vincent HJ, Jones AD, Ad
Page 103 and 104: eport issued on July 22, 2011. NEDO
Page 105 and 106: Kobayashi N, Naya M, Mizuno K, Yama
Page 107 and 108: Methner M, Hodson L, Geraci C [2010
Page 109 and 110: Human Services, Centers for Disease
Page 111 and 112: Piegorsch WW, Bailer AF [2005]. Qua
Page 113 and 114: AD, Baron PA [2003]. Exposure to ca
Page 115: Varga C, Szendi K [2010]. Carbon na
Page 119 and 120: ContentsA.1 Introduction ..........
Page 121 and 122: A.1 IntroductionThe increasing prod
Page 123 and 124: provide an informal check on the es
Page 125 and 126: these same dose groups; this effect
Page 127 and 128: Table A-1. Rodent study information
Page 129 and 130: the deposited (no clearance) and th
Page 131 and 132: The other BMDS models failed to con
Page 133 and 134: Figure A-2. Benchmark dose model (m
Page 135 and 136: Figure A-3 (continued). Benchmark d
Page 137 and 138: Table A-3. Benchmark dose estimates
Page 139 and 140: Table A-5. Benchmark dose estimates
Page 141: histopathology grade 2 or higher lu
Page 145 and 146: developing early-stage adverse lung
Page 147 and 148: Figure A-4. Dose-response relations
Page 149 and 150: cell surface area). However, the wo
Page 151 and 152: purified or unpurified (with differ
Page 153 and 154: Table A-9. Comparison of rat or hum
Page 155 and 156: A.6.1.3 Pulmonary Ventilation RateT
Page 157 and 158: used as the effect levels in evalua
Page 159 and 160: the DF estimate, although a larger
Page 161 and 162: or overloading, of particle clearan
Page 163 and 164: Table A-13. Human-equivalent retain
Page 165 and 166: A.7.1 Particle CharacteristicsBoth
Page 167 and 168: and density. The following MMAD and
Page 169: Table A-15. CNT lung dose normalize
Page 172 and 173: B.1 Key Terms Related toMedical Sur
Page 175 and 176: APPENDIX CNIOSH Method 5040
Page 177 and 178: filter. In the method evaluation, d
Page 179 and 180: Most of the studies on sampling art
Page 181 and 182: e analyzed to determine the onset o
Page 184: Delivering on the Nation’s promis
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