Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers

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3.4 Systemic Responses to Pulmonary Exposure to SWCNT and MWCNT ..... 203.4.1 Translocation of CNT to Systemic Sites ............................ 203.4.2 Systemic Inflammation ......................................... 203.5 Carbon Nanofibers (CNF) ........................................... 204 Conclusions—Hazard and Exposure Assessment ................................ 335 CNT Risk Assessment and Recommended Exposure Limit ...................... 375.1 Risk Assessment and Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) .............. 375.2 Other Derived Occupational Exposure Limits for CNT .................. 435.3 Evaluation of Uncertainties in CNT Risk Assessment and REL ............ 465.3.1 Strength of Evidence for Estimating a Health-Based RELfor CNT and CNF ............................................ 465.3.2 Major Areas of Uncertainty .................................... 465.3.3 Minor Areas of Uncertainty .................................... 486 Recommendations ........................................................ 516.1 Exposure Assessment ............................................... 516.1.1 Exposure Monitoring Program .................................. 516.1.2 CNT and CNF Measurement ................................... 526.1.3 Method 5040 Limit of Detection ................................ 556.2 Engineering Controls ............................................... 586.3 Worker Education and Training ...................................... 586.4 Cleanup and Disposal ............................................... 636.5 Personal Protective Clothing ......................................... 636.6 Respirators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646.7 Medical Screening and Surveillance ................................... 656.7.1 Worker Participation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656.7.2 Program Oversight ............................................ 686.7.3 Screening Elements ............................................ 686.7.4 Worker Education ............................................. 696.7.5 Periodic Evaluation of Data and Surveillance Program ............. 697 Research Needs ........................................................... 717.1 Workplace Exposures, Measurement, and Controls ........................... 717.2 Experimental and Human Studies ..................................... 71References ................................................................. 73Appendix A—Quantitative Risk Assessment of CNT ............................. 91A.1 Introduction ....................................................... 95A.2 Methods ........................................................... 96A.2.1 Rodent Dose-response Data .................................... 97A.2.2 Estimated Lung Dose in Animals ................................ 98A.2.3 Animal Dose-response Modeling and BMD Estimation ............... 103A.3 Results ............................................................ 110A.3.1 Benchmark Dose and Working Lifetime Exposure Estimates ........ 110xviiiNIOSH CIB 65 • Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers
A.3.2 Comparison of Short-term and Subchronic Dose-response Data ..... 115A.3.3 Estimated Excess Risks of Working Lifetime Exposures toLow-mass Concentrations of MWCNT ........................... 115A.4 Discussion ......................................................... 118A.4.1 The Use of Short-term Data to Predict Longer-term Response ....... 119A.4.2 Physical-Chemical Properties and Metal Content .................. 120A.4.3 Lung Dose Estimation ......................................... 122A.4.4 Critical Effect Level Estimates .................................. 123A.4.5 Animal Dose-response Data Quality ............................. 124A.5 Conclusions ........................................................ 124A.6 Sensitivity Analyses ................................................. 125A.6.1 Lung Dose Estimation ......................................... 125A.6.2 Critical Effect Level Selection ................................... 129A.6.3 Alternative OEL Estimation Methods ............................ 131A.6.4 Summary of Sensitivity Analyses Findings . ....................... 137A.7 Evaluation of Carbon Nanofiber Studies in Mice and Rats ................ 137A.7.1 Particle Characteristics ......................................... 139A.7.2 Experimental Design and Animals ............................... 139A.7.3 Lung Responses ............................................... 139A.7.4 Effects in Other Tissues ........................................ 140A.7.5 Equivalent Lung Dose Estimation Methods ....................... 140A.7.6 Equivalent Lung Dose Estimation Results ......................... 141Appendix B—Occupational Health Surveillance: Informing Decisions Concerning .. 145B.1 Key Terms Related to Medical Surveillance ............................. 146B.2 Medical Surveillance ................................................ 146B.2.1 Planning and Conducting Medical Surveillance ................... 146Appendix C—NIOSH Method 5040 ........................................... 149C.1 Background ....................................................... 150C.2 Method Evaluation .................................................. 150C.3 Inter-laboratory Comparisons ........................................ 151C.4 Carbonates ........................................................ 152C.5 Organic Carbon Sampling Artifacts . .................................. 152C.6 Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers .................................... 153NIOSH CIB 65 • Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibersxix
Page 1 and 2: CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 65Occ
Page 3 and 4: Current Intelligence Bulletin 65Occ
Page 5 and 6: ForewordThe Occupational Safety and
Page 7 and 8: Executive SummaryOverviewCarbon nan
Page 9 and 10: 2009; Pauluhn 2010a; Porter et al.
Page 11 and 12: neurogenic sig nals from sensory ir
Page 13 and 14: possible. Until the results from an
Page 15 and 16: ••Follow exposure and hazard as
Page 17 and 18: Periodic Evaluations••Evaluatio
Page 19: ContentsForeword ..................
Page 23 and 24: ESPFeFMPSFPSSgGMGSDHCLHECHEPAhrISOI
Page 25 and 26: AcknowledgementsThis Current Intell
Page 27 and 28: 1 IntroductionMany nanomaterial-bas
Page 29: 2 Potential for ExposureThe novel a
Page 32 and 33: CNMs, with MWCNT agglomerates obser
Page 34 and 35: composite materials with local exha
Page 36 and 37: information on air contaminants. Sa
Page 39 and 40: 3 Evidence for Potential Adverse He
Page 41 and 42: decreasing agglomerate size increas
Page 43 and 44: examined up to 60 days post-exposur
Page 45 and 46: 3.3 SWCNT and MWCNTIntraperitoneal
Page 47 and 48: The same potency sequence was obser
Page 49 and 50: Table 3-3. Findings from published
Page 55 and 56: Table 3-7 (Continued). Findings fro
Page 57: Table 3-8. Findings from published
Page 60 and 61: length, respectively) [Muller et al
Page 63 and 64: 5 CNT Risk Assessment and Recommend
Page 65 and 66: A-6). Risk estimates derived from o
Page 67 and 68: Table 5-4. Factors, assumptions, an
Page 69 and 70: and analytical methods. NIOSH is re
Page 71 and 72:
Table 5-5. Recommended occupational
Page 73 and 74:
deficits in animals or clinically s
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(3) Rat lung dose estimationIn the
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tasks where worker exposures exceed
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As part of the evaluation of worker
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Table 6-1. EC LODs and LOQs for 25-
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6.2 Engineering ControlsOne of the
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Table 6-6 (Continued). Examples of
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Table 6-7 (Continued). Engineering
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exposure estimates for SWCNT on ind
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Table 6-8. Respiratory protection f
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••Workers in areas or in jobs w
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7 Research NeedsAdditional data and
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ReferencesACGIH [1984]. Particle si
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Bolton RE, Vincent HJ, Jones AD, Ad
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eport issued on July 22, 2011. NEDO
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Kobayashi N, Naya M, Mizuno K, Yama
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Methner M, Hodson L, Geraci C [2010
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Human Services, Centers for Disease
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Piegorsch WW, Bailer AF [2005]. Qua
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AD, Baron PA [2003]. Exposure to ca
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Varga C, Szendi K [2010]. Carbon na
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ContentsA.1 Introduction ..........
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A.1 IntroductionThe increasing prod
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provide an informal check on the es
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these same dose groups; this effect
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Table A-1. Rodent study information
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the deposited (no clearance) and th
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The other BMDS models failed to con
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Figure A-2. Benchmark dose model (m
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Figure A-3 (continued). Benchmark d
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Table A-3. Benchmark dose estimates
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Table A-5. Benchmark dose estimates
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histopathology grade 2 or higher lu
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Table A-8. Working lifetime percent
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developing early-stage adverse lung
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Figure A-4. Dose-response relations
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cell surface area). However, the wo
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purified or unpurified (with differ
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Table A-9. Comparison of rat or hum
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A.6.1.3 Pulmonary Ventilation RateT
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used as the effect levels in evalua
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the DF estimate, although a larger
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or overloading, of particle clearan
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Table A-13. Human-equivalent retain
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A.7.1 Particle CharacteristicsBoth
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and density. The following MMAD and
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Table A-15. CNT lung dose normalize
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B.1 Key Terms Related toMedical Sur
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APPENDIX CNIOSH Method 5040
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filter. In the method evaluation, d
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Most of the studies on sampling art
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e analyzed to determine the onset o
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Delivering on the Nation’s promis
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Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers

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