Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers

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NRnot reportedNTRC Nanotechnology Research CenterOCorganic carbonOELoccupational exposure limitOSHA Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationPApharyngeal aspirationPBZpersonal breathing zonePMN polymorphonuclear neutrophilsPOD point of departurePPEpersonal protective equipmentRELrecommended exposure limitROSreactive oxygen speciesRPDrelative percent differenceRSDrelative standard deviationRTretention half-timeSDstandard deviationSDSSafety Data SheetsSEMscanning electron microscopySMPS scanning mobility particle sizerSWCNT single-walled carbon nanotubesTCtotal carbonTDtoxicodynamicTEM transmission electron microscopyTKtoxicokineticTPthermal precipitatorTWA time-weighted averageUFuncertainty factorµg microgram(s)µg/m 3 micrograms per cubic meterµm micrometer(s)UCLupper confidence limitU.S.United StatesVEventilation ratewkweekYyttriumyryear% percentxxiiNIOSH CIB 65 • Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers
AcknowledgementsThis Current Intelligence Bulletin (CIB) was developed by the scientists and staff of the NationalInstitute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) who participate in the NIOSHNanotechnology Research Center (NTRC). Paul Schulte is the manager, and Charles Geraciis the coordinator of the NIOSH National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) nanotechnologycross-sector program. The document manager was Ralph Zumwalde. The documentwriting team was Ralph Zumwalde, Eileen Kuempel, Eileen Birch, Douglas Trout, andVincent Castranova. The data analyses were performed by Eileen Kuempel, Randall Smith,Ralph Zumwalde, and Eileen Birch. Document internal review was conducted by ThomasLentz, Faye Rice, John Bailer, David Dankovic, Christine Sofge, Leonid Turkevich, DouglasEvans, Ronald Shaffer, Mary Schubauer-Berigan, Aleksandr Stefaniak, Charles Geraci, andPaul Schulte.Special thanks goes to NIOSH researchers who provided rodent dose-response data usedin the risk assessment and contributed to the interpretation of the pulmonary response andaerosol data: Ann Hubbs, Robert Mercer, Elena Kisin, Anna Shvedova, Dale Porter, BeanChen, and Pramod Kulkarni.Special acknowledgement also goes to the NTRC scientists whose research cited in this CIBhas significantly contributed to the scientific data used to support recommendations forminimizing worker exposure to carbon nanotubes and nanofibers.The NIOSH NTRC acknowledges the contributions of Vanessa Williams and Rachel Thiemanfor graphic design and document production and John Lechliter for editing the CIB.Acknowledgment is also due to Julie Muller, Ph.D., Dominique Lison, Ph.D., Lan Ma-Hock,Ph.D., Robert Landseidel, Ph.D., and Jürgen Pauluhn, Ph.D. for providing additional dataand information from their published studies that were used in the risk assessment.Peer ReviewersThe NIOSH NTRC greatly appreciates the time and effort of the expert peer reviewers whoprovided comments and suggestions on the December 2010 public and stakeholder draftof the CIB.Robert Aitken, Ph.DDirector of Strategic Consulting, Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM)Nanotechnology Programme Director, IOMDirector of SAFENANOInstitute of Occupational MedicineRiccarton, EdinburghAndrew D. Maynard, Ph.DCharles and Rita Gelman Professor of Risk ScienceDirector, University of Michigan Risk Science CenterNIOSH CIB 65 • Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibersxxiii
Page 1 and 2: CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 65Occ
Page 3 and 4: Current Intelligence Bulletin 65Occ
Page 5 and 6: ForewordThe Occupational Safety and
Page 7 and 8: Executive SummaryOverviewCarbon nan
Page 9 and 10: 2009; Pauluhn 2010a; Porter et al.
Page 11 and 12: neurogenic sig nals from sensory ir
Page 13 and 14: possible. Until the results from an
Page 15 and 16: ••Follow exposure and hazard as
Page 17 and 18: Periodic Evaluations••Evaluatio
Page 19 and 20: ContentsForeword ..................
Page 21 and 22: A.3.2 Comparison of Short-term and
Page 23: ESPFeFMPSFPSSgGMGSDHCLHECHEPAhrISOI
Page 27 and 28: 1 IntroductionMany nanomaterial-bas
Page 29: 2 Potential for ExposureThe novel a
Page 32 and 33: CNMs, with MWCNT agglomerates obser
Page 34 and 35: composite materials with local exha
Page 36 and 37: information on air contaminants. Sa
Page 39 and 40: 3 Evidence for Potential Adverse He
Page 41 and 42: decreasing agglomerate size increas
Page 43 and 44: examined up to 60 days post-exposur
Page 45 and 46: 3.3 SWCNT and MWCNTIntraperitoneal
Page 47 and 48: The same potency sequence was obser
Page 49 and 50: Table 3-3. Findings from published
Page 55 and 56: Table 3-7 (Continued). Findings fro
Page 57: Table 3-8. Findings from published
Page 60 and 61: length, respectively) [Muller et al
Page 63 and 64: 5 CNT Risk Assessment and Recommend
Page 65 and 66: A-6). Risk estimates derived from o
Page 67 and 68: Table 5-4. Factors, assumptions, an
Page 69 and 70: and analytical methods. NIOSH is re
Page 71 and 72: Table 5-5. Recommended occupational
Page 73 and 74: deficits in animals or clinically s
Page 75:
(3) Rat lung dose estimationIn the
Page 78 and 79:
tasks where worker exposures exceed
Page 80 and 81:
As part of the evaluation of worker
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Table 6-1. EC LODs and LOQs for 25-
Page 84 and 85:
6.2 Engineering ControlsOne of the
Page 86 and 87:
Table 6-6 (Continued). Examples of
Page 88 and 89:
Table 6-7 (Continued). Engineering
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exposure estimates for SWCNT on ind
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Table 6-8. Respiratory protection f
Page 94 and 95:
••Workers in areas or in jobs w
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7 Research NeedsAdditional data and
Page 99 and 100:
ReferencesACGIH [1984]. Particle si
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Bolton RE, Vincent HJ, Jones AD, Ad
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eport issued on July 22, 2011. NEDO
Page 105 and 106:
Kobayashi N, Naya M, Mizuno K, Yama
Page 107 and 108:
Methner M, Hodson L, Geraci C [2010
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Human Services, Centers for Disease
Page 111 and 112:
Piegorsch WW, Bailer AF [2005]. Qua
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AD, Baron PA [2003]. Exposure to ca
Page 115:
Varga C, Szendi K [2010]. Carbon na
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ContentsA.1 Introduction ..........
Page 121 and 122:
A.1 IntroductionThe increasing prod
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provide an informal check on the es
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these same dose groups; this effect
Page 127 and 128:
Table A-1. Rodent study information
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the deposited (no clearance) and th
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The other BMDS models failed to con
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Figure A-2. Benchmark dose model (m
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Figure A-3 (continued). Benchmark d
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Table A-3. Benchmark dose estimates
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Table A-5. Benchmark dose estimates
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histopathology grade 2 or higher lu
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Table A-8. Working lifetime percent
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developing early-stage adverse lung
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Figure A-4. Dose-response relations
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cell surface area). However, the wo
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purified or unpurified (with differ
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Table A-9. Comparison of rat or hum
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A.6.1.3 Pulmonary Ventilation RateT
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used as the effect levels in evalua
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the DF estimate, although a larger
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or overloading, of particle clearan
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Table A-13. Human-equivalent retain
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A.7.1 Particle CharacteristicsBoth
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and density. The following MMAD and
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Table A-15. CNT lung dose normalize
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B.1 Key Terms Related toMedical Sur
Page 175 and 176:
APPENDIX CNIOSH Method 5040
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filter. In the method evaluation, d
Page 179 and 180:
Most of the studies on sampling art
Page 181 and 182:
e analyzed to determine the onset o
Page 184:
Delivering on the Nation’s promis
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