Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers

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that require additional primary prevention efforts. This analysis should be performedby a qualified health professional or other knowledgeable person to identify workerhealth patterns that may be linked to work activities or exposures. Confidentiality ofworkers’ medical records should be enforced in accordance with all applicable regulationsand guidelines.••Employers should periodically evaluate the elements of the medical screening programto ensure that the program is consistent with current knowledge related to exposuresand health effects associated with occupational exposure to CNT and CNF.Other important components related to occupational health surveillance programs, includingmedical surveillance and screening, are discussed in Appendix B.2. Recommendations for Workers••Ask your supervisor for training in how to protect yourself from the potential hazardsassociated with your job, including exposure to CNT and CNF.••Know and use the exposure control devices and work practices that keep CNT andCNF out of the air and off your skin.••Understand when and how to wear a respirator and other personal protectiveequipment (such as gloves, clothing, eyewear) that your employer might provide.••Avoid handling CNT and CNF in a ‘free particle’ state (e.g., powder form).••Store CNT and CNF, whether suspended in liquids or in a powder form, in closed(tightly sealed) containers whenever possible.••Clean work areas at the end of each work shift (at a minimum) using a HEPA-filteredvacuum cleaner or wet wiping methods. Dry sweeping or air hoses should not be usedto clean work areas.••Do not store or consume food or beverages in workplaces where bulk CNT or CNF,or where CNT- or CNF-containing materials, are handled.• • Prevent the inadvertent contamination of nonwork areas (including take-home contamination)by showering and changing into clean clothes at the end of each workday.xviNIOSH CIB 65 • Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers
ContentsForeword ..................................................................Executive Summary .........................................................Overview ..............................................................Background ...........................................................Assessment of the Health Risk and Recommended Exposure Limit ............Exposure Measurement and Controls .....................................Recommendations ......................................................1. Recommendations for Employers ....................................... xii1.1 Medical Screening and Surveillance ................................... xiii1.1.1 Worker Participation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii1.1.2 Program Oversight ............................................ xiii1.1.3 Screening Elements ............................................ xiv1.1.4 Worker Education ............................................ xv1.1.5 Periodic Evaluation of Data and Screening Program ............... xv2. Recommendations for Workers ......................................... xviAbbreviations ..............................................................Acknowledgements ......................................................... xxiii1 Introduction ............................................................. 12 Potential for Exposure . .................................................... 32.1 Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes during Research and Development,Small-scale Manufacturing, and Use Applications ........................ 32.2 Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes (other sources) ......................... 92.3 Exposure to Carbon Nanofibers during Research and Small-scaleManufacturing Operations ........................................... 93 Evidence for Potential Adverse Health Effects ........................................ 133.1 Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) ........................... 153.1.1 IT Studies .................................................... 153.1.2 Pharyngeal Aspiration Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153.1.3 Inhalation Studies ............................................. 163.2 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) ........................... 163.2.1 Pharyngeal Aspiration Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.2.2 IT Studies .................................................... 163.2.3 Inhalation Studies ............................................. 173.3 SWCNT and MWCNT Intraperitoneal Studies .......................... 19iiivvviiixxixiixxNIOSH CIB 65 • Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibersxvii
Page 1 and 2: CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 65Occ
Page 3 and 4: Current Intelligence Bulletin 65Occ
Page 5 and 6: ForewordThe Occupational Safety and
Page 7 and 8: Executive SummaryOverviewCarbon nan
Page 9 and 10: 2009; Pauluhn 2010a; Porter et al.
Page 11 and 12: neurogenic sig nals from sensory ir
Page 13 and 14: possible. Until the results from an
Page 15 and 16: ••Follow exposure and hazard as
Page 17: Periodic Evaluations••Evaluatio
Page 21 and 22: A.3.2 Comparison of Short-term and
Page 23 and 24: ESPFeFMPSFPSSgGMGSDHCLHECHEPAhrISOI
Page 25 and 26: AcknowledgementsThis Current Intell
Page 27 and 28: 1 IntroductionMany nanomaterial-bas
Page 29: 2 Potential for ExposureThe novel a
Page 32 and 33: CNMs, with MWCNT agglomerates obser
Page 34 and 35: composite materials with local exha
Page 36 and 37: information on air contaminants. Sa
Page 39 and 40: 3 Evidence for Potential Adverse He
Page 41 and 42: decreasing agglomerate size increas
Page 43 and 44: examined up to 60 days post-exposur
Page 45 and 46: 3.3 SWCNT and MWCNTIntraperitoneal
Page 47 and 48: The same potency sequence was obser
Page 49 and 50: Table 3-3. Findings from published
Page 55 and 56: Table 3-7 (Continued). Findings fro
Page 57: Table 3-8. Findings from published
Page 60 and 61: length, respectively) [Muller et al
Page 63 and 64: 5 CNT Risk Assessment and Recommend
Page 65 and 66: A-6). Risk estimates derived from o
Page 67 and 68: Table 5-4. Factors, assumptions, an
Page 69 and 70:
and analytical methods. NIOSH is re
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Table 5-5. Recommended occupational
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deficits in animals or clinically s
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(3) Rat lung dose estimationIn the
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tasks where worker exposures exceed
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As part of the evaluation of worker
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Table 6-1. EC LODs and LOQs for 25-
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6.2 Engineering ControlsOne of the
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Table 6-6 (Continued). Examples of
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Table 6-7 (Continued). Engineering
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exposure estimates for SWCNT on ind
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Table 6-8. Respiratory protection f
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••Workers in areas or in jobs w
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7 Research NeedsAdditional data and
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ReferencesACGIH [1984]. Particle si
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Bolton RE, Vincent HJ, Jones AD, Ad
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eport issued on July 22, 2011. NEDO
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Kobayashi N, Naya M, Mizuno K, Yama
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Methner M, Hodson L, Geraci C [2010
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Human Services, Centers for Disease
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Piegorsch WW, Bailer AF [2005]. Qua
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AD, Baron PA [2003]. Exposure to ca
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Varga C, Szendi K [2010]. Carbon na
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ContentsA.1 Introduction ..........
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A.1 IntroductionThe increasing prod
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provide an informal check on the es
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these same dose groups; this effect
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Table A-1. Rodent study information
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the deposited (no clearance) and th
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The other BMDS models failed to con
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Figure A-2. Benchmark dose model (m
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Figure A-3 (continued). Benchmark d
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Table A-3. Benchmark dose estimates
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Table A-5. Benchmark dose estimates
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histopathology grade 2 or higher lu
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Table A-8. Working lifetime percent
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developing early-stage adverse lung
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Figure A-4. Dose-response relations
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cell surface area). However, the wo
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purified or unpurified (with differ
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Table A-9. Comparison of rat or hum
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A.6.1.3 Pulmonary Ventilation RateT
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used as the effect levels in evalua
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the DF estimate, although a larger
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or overloading, of particle clearan
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Table A-13. Human-equivalent retain
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A.7.1 Particle CharacteristicsBoth
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and density. The following MMAD and
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Table A-15. CNT lung dose normalize
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B.1 Key Terms Related toMedical Sur
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APPENDIX CNIOSH Method 5040
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filter. In the method evaluation, d
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Most of the studies on sampling art
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e analyzed to determine the onset o
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Delivering on the Nation’s promis
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