Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers

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Table 3–8. Findings from published MWCNT or SWCNT short-term injection/implantationtoxicology studiesStudy design and exposure/doseObserved pulmonary effectsAuthor/yearSpeciesExposurerouteExposureor dose Mesothelioma Inflammation FibrosisDeng et al.[2007]MiceIntravenousinjection(also gavage)1–600 µgMWCNTdepending onexp. routeNR – NRTakagi et al.[2008]MiceIntraperitonealinjection27.5 % longerthan 5 µm;1 × 10 9MWCNT/1 mL(correspondsto 3 mg) (eval:week 25)mesothelioma + +Poland et al.[2008]MiceIntraperitonealinjectionLong and shortMWCNT50 µg (eval: 1and 7 dayspost exp)Increase inresponse withincreasing fiberlengthIncrease inresponse withincreasingfiber lengthNRMuller et al.[2009]RatsIntraperitonealinjectionMWCNT< 1 µm on avg.length;No mesotheliomas2 or 20 mg w/defects,20 mg wo/defects. (eval:month 24)Sakamoto et al.[2009]RatsIntrascrotalinjectionMWCNT > 5µm in length;0.24 mg (1 mg/kg body weight)27.5 %mesothelioma NR NRVarga andSzendi [2010]RatsPeritonealimplantation(in gelatincapsule)10 mg ofMWCNT (1–2µm length) orSWCNT (4–15 µm length)No mesotheliomas – –See footnotes at end of table.(Continued)30 NIOSH CIB 65 • Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers
Table 3–8. Findings from published MWCNT or SWCNT short-term injection/implantationtoxicology studiesStudy design and exposure/doseObserved pulmonary effectsAuthor/yearSpeciesExposurerouteExposureor dose Mesothelioma Inflammation FibrosisLiang et al.[2010]MiceIntraperitonealinjectionMWCNT(200 nm–2 µmlength); 10, 50,or 250 mg/kg(eval: 28 days)No mesotheliomas - (10 and 50mg/kg)+ (250 mg/kg)- (10 and 50mg/kg)+ (250 mg/kg)Murphy et al.[2011]MiceIntrapleuralinjectionMWCNTdifferentlengths; 5 µg;(eval: 1 day,1,4, 12 and 24weeks)No mesotheliomas+ longMWCNT+ longMWCNTNagai et al.[2011]RatsIntrapleuralinjectionMWCNT(mean lengths~4-5 µm); 1 or10 mg; (eval:up to 1 yr.)agglomeratedand nonagglomerated+ 1mg (nonagglomerated)mesotheliomaat higherfrequency thanagglomerated+ (1 and10 mg)+ (1 and10 mg)NR = not reported+ = effect observed– = no effect observedNIOSH CIB 65 • Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers31
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CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 65Occ
Page 3 and 4:
Current Intelligence Bulletin 65Occ
Page 5 and 6: ForewordThe Occupational Safety and
Page 7 and 8: Executive SummaryOverviewCarbon nan
Page 9 and 10: 2009; Pauluhn 2010a; Porter et al.
Page 11 and 12: neurogenic sig nals from sensory ir
Page 13 and 14: possible. Until the results from an
Page 15 and 16: ••Follow exposure and hazard as
Page 17 and 18: Periodic Evaluations••Evaluatio
Page 19 and 20: ContentsForeword ..................
Page 21 and 22: A.3.2 Comparison of Short-term and
Page 23 and 24: ESPFeFMPSFPSSgGMGSDHCLHECHEPAhrISOI
Page 25 and 26: AcknowledgementsThis Current Intell
Page 27 and 28: 1 IntroductionMany nanomaterial-bas
Page 29: 2 Potential for ExposureThe novel a
Page 32 and 33: CNMs, with MWCNT agglomerates obser
Page 34 and 35: composite materials with local exha
Page 36 and 37: information on air contaminants. Sa
Page 39 and 40: 3 Evidence for Potential Adverse He
Page 41 and 42: decreasing agglomerate size increas
Page 43 and 44: examined up to 60 days post-exposur
Page 45 and 46: 3.3 SWCNT and MWCNTIntraperitoneal
Page 47 and 48: The same potency sequence was obser
Page 49 and 50: Table 3-3. Findings from published
Page 55: Table 3-7 (Continued). Findings fro
Page 60 and 61: length, respectively) [Muller et al
Page 63 and 64: 5 CNT Risk Assessment and Recommend
Page 65 and 66: A-6). Risk estimates derived from o
Page 67 and 68: Table 5-4. Factors, assumptions, an
Page 69 and 70: and analytical methods. NIOSH is re
Page 71 and 72: Table 5-5. Recommended occupational
Page 73 and 74: deficits in animals or clinically s
Page 75: (3) Rat lung dose estimationIn the
Page 78 and 79: tasks where worker exposures exceed
Page 80 and 81: As part of the evaluation of worker
Page 82 and 83: Table 6-1. EC LODs and LOQs for 25-
Page 84 and 85: 6.2 Engineering ControlsOne of the
Page 86 and 87: Table 6-6 (Continued). Examples of
Page 88 and 89: Table 6-7 (Continued). Engineering
Page 90 and 91: exposure estimates for SWCNT on ind
Page 92 and 93: Table 6-8. Respiratory protection f
Page 94 and 95: ••Workers in areas or in jobs w
Page 97 and 98: 7 Research NeedsAdditional data and
Page 99 and 100: ReferencesACGIH [1984]. Particle si
Page 101 and 102: Bolton RE, Vincent HJ, Jones AD, Ad
Page 103 and 104: eport issued on July 22, 2011. NEDO
Page 105 and 106: Kobayashi N, Naya M, Mizuno K, Yama
Page 107 and 108:
Methner M, Hodson L, Geraci C [2010
Page 109 and 110:
Human Services, Centers for Disease
Page 111 and 112:
Piegorsch WW, Bailer AF [2005]. Qua
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AD, Baron PA [2003]. Exposure to ca
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Varga C, Szendi K [2010]. Carbon na
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ContentsA.1 Introduction ..........
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A.1 IntroductionThe increasing prod
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provide an informal check on the es
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these same dose groups; this effect
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Table A-1. Rodent study information
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the deposited (no clearance) and th
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The other BMDS models failed to con
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Figure A-2. Benchmark dose model (m
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Figure A-3 (continued). Benchmark d
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Table A-3. Benchmark dose estimates
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Table A-5. Benchmark dose estimates
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histopathology grade 2 or higher lu
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Table A-8. Working lifetime percent
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developing early-stage adverse lung
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Figure A-4. Dose-response relations
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cell surface area). However, the wo
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purified or unpurified (with differ
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Table A-9. Comparison of rat or hum
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A.6.1.3 Pulmonary Ventilation RateT
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used as the effect levels in evalua
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the DF estimate, although a larger
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or overloading, of particle clearan
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Table A-13. Human-equivalent retain
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A.7.1 Particle CharacteristicsBoth
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and density. The following MMAD and
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Table A-15. CNT lung dose normalize
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B.1 Key Terms Related toMedical Sur
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APPENDIX CNIOSH Method 5040
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filter. In the method evaluation, d
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Most of the studies on sampling art
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e analyzed to determine the onset o
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Delivering on the Nation’s promis
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