Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers

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Table 6–8. Respiratory protection for exposure to CNT and CNFAirborne concentrations of CNT and CNF orconditions of use * optionsMinimum respiratory protection1–10 µg/m 3 (10 × REL) Any filtering facepiece respirator or air-purifying, elastomerichalf-facepiece respirator equipped with appropriate type ofparticulate filter †Any negative pressure (demand), supplied-air respiratorequipped with a half-mask≤ 25 µg/m 3 (25 × REL)≤ 50 µg/m 3 (50 × REL)≤ 1000 µg/m 3 (1,000 × REL)Any powered, air-purifying respirator equipped with a hood orhelmet and a high-efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA filter) ‡Any continuous flow supplied air respirator equipped with ahood or helmetAny air-purifying full-facepiece respirator equipped withN-100, R-100, or P-100 filterAny powered air-purifying respirator equipped with a tightfittinghalf-facepiece and a high-efficiency particulate air filter.Any negative pressure (demand) supplied-air respiratorequipped with a full-facepieceAny continuous flow supplied-air respirator with a tight-fittinghalf-facepieceAny negative pressure (demand) self- contained respiratorequipped with a full-facepieceAny pressure-demand supplied-air respirator equipped with afull-facepiece*The protection offered by a given respirator is contingent upon (1) the respirator user adhering to complete programrequirements (such as those required by OSHA in 29 CFR 1910.134), (2) the use of NIOSH-certified respirators in their approvedconfiguration, and (3) individual fit testing to rule out those respirators that cannot achieve a good fit on individual workers.†The appropriate type of particulate filter means: Any 95 or 100 series (N, R, or P) filter. Note: N-95 or N-100 series filters shouldnot be used in environments where there is potential for exposure to oil mists.‡Some powered air purifying respirators with a hood/helmet are considered to have an APF of 1000 and thus could be used insituations involving higher airborne concentrations of CNT and CNF (< 1000 µg/m 3 ). Contact the respirator manufacturer todetermine whether this would apply. Absent such a determination, powered air purifying respirators with helmets/hoods are tobe treated as loose-fitting facepiece respirators, and receive an APF of 25.Note: complete information on the selection of respirators can be found at (1) OSHA 3352-02 2009, Assigned Protection Factors forthe Revised Respiratory Protection Standard at http://www.osha.gov/Publications/3352-APF-respirators.html, and (2) NIOSH at[http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-100/default.html].66 NIOSH CIB 65 • Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers
Figure 6–2. Medical screening and surveillance recommendationsNIOSH CIB 65 • Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers67
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CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 65Occ
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Current Intelligence Bulletin 65Occ
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ForewordThe Occupational Safety and
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Executive SummaryOverviewCarbon nan
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2009; Pauluhn 2010a; Porter et al.
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neurogenic sig nals from sensory ir
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possible. Until the results from an
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••Follow exposure and hazard as
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Periodic Evaluations••Evaluatio
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ContentsForeword ..................
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A.3.2 Comparison of Short-term and
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ESPFeFMPSFPSSgGMGSDHCLHECHEPAhrISOI
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AcknowledgementsThis Current Intell
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1 IntroductionMany nanomaterial-bas
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2 Potential for ExposureThe novel a
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CNMs, with MWCNT agglomerates obser
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composite materials with local exha
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information on air contaminants. Sa
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3 Evidence for Potential Adverse He
Page 41 and 42: decreasing agglomerate size increas
Page 43 and 44: examined up to 60 days post-exposur
Page 45 and 46: 3.3 SWCNT and MWCNTIntraperitoneal
Page 47 and 48: The same potency sequence was obser
Page 49 and 50: Table 3-3. Findings from published
Page 55 and 56: Table 3-7 (Continued). Findings fro
Page 57: Table 3-8. Findings from published
Page 60 and 61: length, respectively) [Muller et al
Page 63 and 64: 5 CNT Risk Assessment and Recommend
Page 65 and 66: A-6). Risk estimates derived from o
Page 67 and 68: Table 5-4. Factors, assumptions, an
Page 69 and 70: and analytical methods. NIOSH is re
Page 71 and 72: Table 5-5. Recommended occupational
Page 73 and 74: deficits in animals or clinically s
Page 75: (3) Rat lung dose estimationIn the
Page 78 and 79: tasks where worker exposures exceed
Page 80 and 81: As part of the evaluation of worker
Page 82 and 83: Table 6-1. EC LODs and LOQs for 25-
Page 84 and 85: 6.2 Engineering ControlsOne of the
Page 86 and 87: Table 6-6 (Continued). Examples of
Page 88 and 89: Table 6-7 (Continued). Engineering
Page 90 and 91: exposure estimates for SWCNT on ind
Page 94 and 95: ••Workers in areas or in jobs w
Page 97 and 98: 7 Research NeedsAdditional data and
Page 99 and 100: ReferencesACGIH [1984]. Particle si
Page 101 and 102: Bolton RE, Vincent HJ, Jones AD, Ad
Page 103 and 104: eport issued on July 22, 2011. NEDO
Page 105 and 106: Kobayashi N, Naya M, Mizuno K, Yama
Page 107 and 108: Methner M, Hodson L, Geraci C [2010
Page 109 and 110: Human Services, Centers for Disease
Page 111 and 112: Piegorsch WW, Bailer AF [2005]. Qua
Page 113 and 114: AD, Baron PA [2003]. Exposure to ca
Page 115: Varga C, Szendi K [2010]. Carbon na
Page 119 and 120: ContentsA.1 Introduction ..........
Page 121 and 122: A.1 IntroductionThe increasing prod
Page 123 and 124: provide an informal check on the es
Page 125 and 126: these same dose groups; this effect
Page 127 and 128: Table A-1. Rodent study information
Page 129 and 130: the deposited (no clearance) and th
Page 131 and 132: The other BMDS models failed to con
Page 133 and 134: Figure A-2. Benchmark dose model (m
Page 135 and 136: Figure A-3 (continued). Benchmark d
Page 137 and 138: Table A-3. Benchmark dose estimates
Page 139 and 140: Table A-5. Benchmark dose estimates
Page 141 and 142: histopathology grade 2 or higher lu
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Table A-8. Working lifetime percent
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developing early-stage adverse lung
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Figure A-4. Dose-response relations
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cell surface area). However, the wo
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purified or unpurified (with differ
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Table A-9. Comparison of rat or hum
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A.6.1.3 Pulmonary Ventilation RateT
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used as the effect levels in evalua
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the DF estimate, although a larger
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or overloading, of particle clearan
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Table A-13. Human-equivalent retain
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A.7.1 Particle CharacteristicsBoth
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and density. The following MMAD and
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Table A-15. CNT lung dose normalize
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B.1 Key Terms Related toMedical Sur
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APPENDIX CNIOSH Method 5040
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filter. In the method evaluation, d
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Most of the studies on sampling art
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e analyzed to determine the onset o
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Delivering on the Nation’s promis
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