Occupational Exposure to Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers

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CNT and CNF induce adverse effects (e.g., lungfibrosis) in animals.••Develop early markers of exposure and pulmonaryresponse to CNT and CNF, given evidencefrom animal studies that CNT and CNF persistin the lungs and result in the development andprogression of pulmonary fibrosis and/or cancerat relatively low-mass doses.••Quantitatively and qualitatively compare theCNT and CNF materials used in the animalstudies with the CNT and CNF materials foundin workplace air.••Determine the potential for CNT and CNF topenetrate the skin and cause toxicity.••Evaluate the predictive value of using in vitroscreening tests for assessing the hazard (e.g.,fibrogenic potential) of various types of CNTand CNF.••Assess the feasibility of establishing exposureregistries for workers potentially exposed toCNT and CNF for conducting future epidemiologicstudies and surveillance activities.• • Conduct cross-sectional and prospective studiesof workers exposed to CNT and CNF.72 NIOSH CIB 65 • Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers
ReferencesACGIH [1984]. Particle size-selective sampling inthe workplace. Report of the ACGIH TechnicalCommittee on air sampling procedures. Ann AmConf Gov Ind Hyg 11:23–100.ACGIH [2007]. Industrial ventilation: a manual ofrecommended practice. 26th ed. Cincinnati, OH.AISE [2001]. Guidelines for the safe handling ofenzymes in detergent manufacturing [http://www.aise.eu/downloads/AISE_Guidelines_for_the_safe_handling_of_enzymes_in_detergent_manufacturing.pdf].Aiso S, Yamazaki K, Umeda Y, Asakura M, Kasai T,Takaya M, Toya T, Koda S, Nagano K, Arito H, FukushimaS [2010]. Pulmonary toxicity of intratrachealinstilled multiwall carbon nanotubes in maleFischer 344 rats. Ind Health 48(6):783–795.Allen BL, Kichambare PD, Gou P, Vlasova II,Kapralov AA, Konduru N, Kagan VE, Star A[2008]. Biodegradation of single-walled carbonnanotubes through enzymatic catalysis. Nano Lett8(11):3899–3903.Anjilvel S, Asgharian B [1995]. A multiple-pathmodel of particle deposition in the rat lung. FundamAppl Toxicol 28(1):41–50.ARA [2011]. Multiple-path particle deposition(MPPD 2.1): a model for human and rat airwayparticle dosimetry. Raleigh, NC: Applied ResearchAssociates, Inc.Arkema Inc. [2008]. Letter of June 2, 2008, fromDebra Randall, Manager, Product Safety, ArkemaInc., to TSCA Document Control Officer,U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [http://www.epa.gov/oppt/tsca8e/pubs/8ehq/2008/jun08/8ehq_0608_17109b.pdf].Asakura M, Sasaki T, Sugiyama T, Takaya M, KodaS, Nagano K, Arito H, Fukushima S [2010]. Genotoxicityand cytotoxicity of multi-wall carbonnanotubes in cultured Chinese hamster lung cellsin comparison with chrysotile A fibers. J OccupHealth 52(3):155–166.Aschberger K, Johnston HJ, Stone V, Aitken RJ,Hankin SM, Peters SA, Tran CL, Christensen FM[2010]. Review of carbon nanotubes toxicity andexposure—appraisal of human health risk assessmentbased on open literature. Crit Rev Toxicol40(9):759–790.Asgharian B, Wong BA, Bermundez E, Everitt JI[2001]. A model of clearance of titanium dioxidefrom the rat lung. The Toxicologist (supplement toToxicol Sci) 60(1):195.Asgharian B, Kelly JT, Tewksbury EW [2003].Respiratory deposition and inhalability of monodisperseaerosols in Long-Evans rats. Toxicol Sci71(1):104–111.Bailey M, Ansoborlo E, Etherington G, GregorattoD, Guilmette R, Marsh J, Paquet F, Smith J [2008].Proposed updating of the ICRP human respiratorytract model. Presented at the 12th InternationalCongress of the International Radiation ProtectionAssociation [http://www.irpa12.org.ar/fullpapers/FP0947.pdf].Baker EL, Matte TP [2005]. Occupational healthsurveillance. In: Rosenstock L, Cullen E, BrodkinR, eds. Textbook of clinical occupational and environmentalmedicine. Philadelphia, PA: ElsevierSaunders Company [http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/medicalsurveillance/surveillance.html].Bałazy A, Toivola M, Reponen T, Podgorski A,Zimmer A, Grinshpun SA [2006]. Manikin-basedperformance evaluation of N95 filtering facepiecerespirators challenged with nanoparticles. AnnOccup Hyg 50(3):259–269.Barillet S, Simon-Deckers A, Herlin-Boime N, MayneL, L’Hermite M, Reynaud C, Cassio D, Gouget B, CarriereM [2010]. Toxicological consequences of TiO 2,NIOSH CIB 65 • Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers73
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CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN 65Occ
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Current Intelligence Bulletin 65Occ
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ForewordThe Occupational Safety and
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Executive SummaryOverviewCarbon nan
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2009; Pauluhn 2010a; Porter et al.
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neurogenic sig nals from sensory ir
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possible. Until the results from an
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••Follow exposure and hazard as
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Periodic Evaluations••Evaluatio
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ContentsForeword ..................
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A.3.2 Comparison of Short-term and
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ESPFeFMPSFPSSgGMGSDHCLHECHEPAhrISOI
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AcknowledgementsThis Current Intell
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1 IntroductionMany nanomaterial-bas
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2 Potential for ExposureThe novel a
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CNMs, with MWCNT agglomerates obser
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composite materials with local exha
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information on air contaminants. Sa
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3 Evidence for Potential Adverse He
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decreasing agglomerate size increas
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examined up to 60 days post-exposur
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3.3 SWCNT and MWCNTIntraperitoneal
Page 47 and 48: The same potency sequence was obser
Page 49 and 50: Table 3-3. Findings from published
Page 55 and 56: Table 3-7 (Continued). Findings fro
Page 57: Table 3-8. Findings from published
Page 60 and 61: length, respectively) [Muller et al
Page 63 and 64: 5 CNT Risk Assessment and Recommend
Page 65 and 66: A-6). Risk estimates derived from o
Page 67 and 68: Table 5-4. Factors, assumptions, an
Page 69 and 70: and analytical methods. NIOSH is re
Page 71 and 72: Table 5-5. Recommended occupational
Page 73 and 74: deficits in animals or clinically s
Page 75: (3) Rat lung dose estimationIn the
Page 78 and 79: tasks where worker exposures exceed
Page 80 and 81: As part of the evaluation of worker
Page 82 and 83: Table 6-1. EC LODs and LOQs for 25-
Page 84 and 85: 6.2 Engineering ControlsOne of the
Page 86 and 87: Table 6-6 (Continued). Examples of
Page 88 and 89: Table 6-7 (Continued). Engineering
Page 90 and 91: exposure estimates for SWCNT on ind
Page 92 and 93: Table 6-8. Respiratory protection f
Page 94 and 95: ••Workers in areas or in jobs w
Page 97: 7 Research NeedsAdditional data and
Page 101 and 102: Bolton RE, Vincent HJ, Jones AD, Ad
Page 103 and 104: eport issued on July 22, 2011. NEDO
Page 105 and 106: Kobayashi N, Naya M, Mizuno K, Yama
Page 107 and 108: Methner M, Hodson L, Geraci C [2010
Page 109 and 110: Human Services, Centers for Disease
Page 111 and 112: Piegorsch WW, Bailer AF [2005]. Qua
Page 113 and 114: AD, Baron PA [2003]. Exposure to ca
Page 115: Varga C, Szendi K [2010]. Carbon na
Page 119 and 120: ContentsA.1 Introduction ..........
Page 121 and 122: A.1 IntroductionThe increasing prod
Page 123 and 124: provide an informal check on the es
Page 125 and 126: these same dose groups; this effect
Page 127 and 128: Table A-1. Rodent study information
Page 129 and 130: the deposited (no clearance) and th
Page 131 and 132: The other BMDS models failed to con
Page 133 and 134: Figure A-2. Benchmark dose model (m
Page 135 and 136: Figure A-3 (continued). Benchmark d
Page 137 and 138: Table A-3. Benchmark dose estimates
Page 139 and 140: Table A-5. Benchmark dose estimates
Page 141 and 142: histopathology grade 2 or higher lu
Page 143 and 144: Table A-8. Working lifetime percent
Page 145 and 146: developing early-stage adverse lung
Page 147 and 148: Figure A-4. Dose-response relations
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cell surface area). However, the wo
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purified or unpurified (with differ
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Table A-9. Comparison of rat or hum
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A.6.1.3 Pulmonary Ventilation RateT
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used as the effect levels in evalua
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the DF estimate, although a larger
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or overloading, of particle clearan
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Table A-13. Human-equivalent retain
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A.7.1 Particle CharacteristicsBoth
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and density. The following MMAD and
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Table A-15. CNT lung dose normalize
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B.1 Key Terms Related toMedical Sur
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APPENDIX CNIOSH Method 5040
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filter. In the method evaluation, d
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Most of the studies on sampling art
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e analyzed to determine the onset o
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Delivering on the Nation’s promis
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