The Economy of Catalonia

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A solid export sector with plenty of potential still to exploit One of the consequences of Catalonia’s industrial muscle, and at the same time an indicator of its level of international competitiveness, is its export capacity. In this respect, compared to leading exporting regions in southern Europe, Catalonia has a ratio of 7,700 euros of exports per inhabitant per year, far behind the leading region in Italy, Lombardy, with 9,600 euros, but closer to another benchmark “region”, with a sim- Germany Netherlands France Italy United Kingdom Belgium Spain EU 28 Poland Sweden Austria Czech Rep. Ireland Denmark Hungary Slovakia Catalonia Finland Portugal Romania Greece Slovenia Lithuania Bulgaria Luxembourg Estonia Latvia Croatia Malta Cyprus 58,283 161,510 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 Source: The authors, based on EUROSTAT and IDESCAT data, consulted in September 2013. Available at http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home/ and http://www.idescat.cat/en/. Note: figures in million euros. The size of German exports is not shown in the figure; it is 1,095,176 million euros. Figure 3. Comparison of exports in 2012, between Catalonia and EU-28 countries 20 The Economy of Catalonia
ilar population to Catalonia and sharing a strong industrial tradition, triVeneto (bearing in mind that this is in fact a cluster of three regions) with 8,900 euros. Over the last decade, Catalonia has traditionally exported more than a quarter of the total for Spain, and in 2012 reached 26.2%, more than twice the total for the two exporting regions immediately below it in the ranking, Madrid and Andalusia, placing Catalonia in the middle range of the EU-28 for exports, above Finland, for example. Catalonia’s traditional ability to export the products it manufactures has been further reinforced in recent years. As shown in figure 4, annual rates of growth in exports were constantly positive in the period from 2003 to 2012, except for 2009 because of the effects of the global financial crisis on the main export markets. Futhermore, it is worth pointing 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 –20% Year-on-year growth Degree of coverage Degree of openness Source: The authors, based on ESTACOM-ICEX data, consulted in September 2012. Available at http://www. icex.es/icex/cda/controller/pageICEX/0,10304,5518394_6764863_6735919_0_0_-1,00.html Figure 4. Development of growth, degree of coverage and degree of openness of the Catalan export sector from 2003 to 2012 The position of an independent Catalonia in the international context 21
Page 1: The Economy of Catalonia Questions
Page 5 and 6: Oriol Amat, Núria Bosch, Antoni Ca
Page 7 and 8: Contents Preface to the English Edi
Page 9 and 10: Preface to the English edition This
Page 11 and 12: Preface (Translated by Jordi Vilano
Page 13 and 14: Introduction (Translated by Jordi V
Page 15 and 16: 1 The position of an independent Ca
Page 17 and 18: United States such as Massachusetts
Page 19 and 20: 2010, Catalonia was in 64th place o
Page 21: fact, this combination of factors a
Page 25 and 26: ence in emerging markets, especiall
Page 27 and 28: fact, the high proportion of multin
Page 29 and 30: egion in volume of inward investmen
Page 31: mega-regions towards sustainability
Page 34 and 35: also be confronted with the paradox
Page 36 and 37: the reasons that are emerging for a
Page 38 and 39: This 47.1% signifies a considerable
Page 40 and 41: 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Estim
Page 42 and 43: and there would be no need for cuts
Page 44 and 45: centage of freight between Spain an
Page 46 and 47: to prevent Spain’s point-blank re
Page 48 and 49: ) The effects on markets, especiall
Page 50 and 51: speak of the coefficient of central
Page 52 and 53: Bibliographical references Amat, O.
Page 54 and 55: Rodríguez Mora, J. V. (2012) «Por
Page 56 and 57: For the purposes of economic analys
Page 58 and 59: It should also be recalled that the
Page 60 and 61: The reasons for regional economic i
Page 62 and 63: their mind» about European integra
Page 64 and 65: the Copenhagen criteria, which esta
Page 66 and 67: in the European Economic Area, whic
Page 68 and 69: ing the status of member of the Uni
Page 71 and 72: 3.2. In or out of the European Unio
Page 73 and 74:
were to veto the request, experts e
Page 75 and 76:
In November 2012, Granell expressed
Page 77 and 78:
-The regulatory fragmentation that
Page 79 and 80:
would have to find alternative solu
Page 81 and 82:
economic shocks, any one of which,
Page 83 and 84:
In my opinion, an impartial reading
Page 85 and 86:
4 In or out of the euro 4.1. An ind
Page 87 and 88:
Analysis of possible scenarios Scen
Page 89 and 90:
official currency and financial ins
Page 91 and 92:
nisms and the European interbank pa
Page 93 and 94:
arising from the integration of a h
Page 95 and 96:
4.2. In or out ofthe euro: certaint
Page 97 and 98:
prevent or limit damage to the mult
Page 99 and 100:
Let me make a short comment on the
Page 101 and 102:
context of a Spain that leaves the
Page 103:
Col·lectiu Wilson (2012) «Europe,
Page 106 and 107:
termediation, which is performed by
Page 108 and 109:
The Catalan financial system The Ca
Page 110 and 111:
Financial institutions with headqua
Page 112 and 113:
• The bank was put up for auction
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had risen by 16.3%, staff had been
Page 116 and 117:
go to Brussels and say that they ha
Page 118 and 119:
Appendix This article is complement
Page 120 and 121:
The Catalan Public Sector in the Eu
Page 122 and 123:
20% 18% 18.8% 16% 16.2% 15.5% 13.6%
Page 124 and 125:
9% 8% 7.9% 7% 6.5% 6.4% 6.2% 5.8% 5
Page 126 and 127:
It is very obvious that Madrid has
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Spain Catalonia Generalitat Variati
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- Armed Forces: in the form of army
Page 132 and 133:
Pérez, F. (DIR), Cucarella, V. and
Page 134 and 135:
and to the private sector. Another
Page 136 and 137:
2006 2007 2008 2009 Direct taxes 17
Page 138 and 139:
method, that is to say, the expense
Page 140 and 141:
itory. The same applies to the prog
Page 142 and 143:
2006 2007 2008 2009 Spanish State e
Page 144 and 145:
e obtained. Table 3 shows that the
Page 146 and 147:
with the EU in the period 2007-2013
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8 Debt and distribution of assets 2
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this study. The difference between
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the State’s property and debts on
Page 155 and 156:
It may be asked whether the new Cat
Page 157 and 158:
The main source of International La
Page 159 and 160:
Principles of distribution of asset
Page 161 and 162:
Immovable property of the State con
Page 163 and 164:
Social Security Reserve Fund On con
Page 165 and 166:
Investments according to Additional
Page 167 and 168:
Forecasts Million euros 2007 2008 2
Page 169 and 170:
Possible negotiation scenarios What
Page 171 and 172:
Even if it were only possible to ev
Page 173 and 174:
States that form part of 21st-centu
Page 175:
Spanish Royal Decree 496/1987, of 1
Page 178 and 179:
Social Security contributions, pens
Page 180 and 181:
ury and its managing agencies (auto
Page 182 and 183:
citizens tend to join the labour ma
Page 184 and 185:
in the economic, social and cultura
Page 186 and 187:
declaration of independence, the bo
Page 188 and 189:
oycott would have a more pronounced
Page 190 and 191:
the will of the people. The great m
Page 192 and 193:
Guinjoan, M. and Cuadras, X. (2011)
Page 194 and 195:
Denmark, Finland, Austria, the Neth
Page 196 and 197:
2012 Company Sector Sales (€m) 1
Page 198 and 199:
Export companies There were 43,176
Page 200 and 201:
Spain, and appreciably more than th
Page 202 and 203:
Conclusions After considering how c
Page 204 and 205:
likely to be in the firing line are
Page 206 and 207:
IDESCAT (2013), based on data from
Page 208 and 209:
the sample represents 20.8% of its
Page 210 and 211:
No opinion Increase the centralisat
Page 212 and 213:
sioners, business people and/or the
Page 214 and 215:
Impact on the Catalan economy In th
Page 216 and 217:
alternative. This is not supported
Page 218 and 219:
More specifically, 94.6% of pension
Page 220 and 221:
37.8% 57.8% 4.4% Yes No opinion No
Page 222 and 223:
fessionally and 47.8% believe it wo
Page 225 and 226:
13 Conclusions: economic certaintie
Page 227 and 228:
having less potential and less per
Page 229 and 230:
Catalonia had been an independent S
Page 231:
ands and a declining proportion of
Page 234:
Anton Gasol. Doctor of Economics, f
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The Economy of Catalonia

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