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scholars who argue that the concept of development has doubtful validity (Burman, 1994;
Grieshaber & Cannella, 2001). For Katz (2005), the term development is used “to
indicate that both thought and behavior are learned in some kind of sequence and become
increasingly adaptive to the tasks at hand and to the environment.” No one can begin a
professional role as a veteran and “in most cases competence improves with experience
and the knowledge and practice that come with it” (p. 1). Mary appears to be an
exception to the rule as illustrated in Table 1.