MOTION MOUNTAIN

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128 3 what is light? F I G U R E 82 A composite photograph showing the parhelia, the light pillars, the halo and the upper tangent arc formed by ice crystals in the air, if all are oriented in the same direction (© Phil Appleton). F I G U R E 83 A rare circumzenithal arc formed by hexagonal ice crystals in upper regions of the atmosphere (© Paul Gitto). sometimes also or sundogs. This happens most clearly with no wind, if the crystals are all oriented in the same direction. In that case one can take photographs such as the one shown in Figure 82. Rare bows and other astonishing atmospheric effects are best explored on the website providing the ‘optical picture of the day’ at www.atoptics.co.uk/opod.htm. There one can find third- and fourth-order rainbows, fogbows that include supernumerary bows, lunar fogbows, rainbows whose secondary bow has supernumeraries, irregular rainbows,moonbows,circumzenithal arcs,Sun’s halos,Sun’s pillars, greenflashes,and Motion Mountain – The Adventure of Physics copyright © Christoph Schiller June 1990–November 2015 free pdf file available at www.motionmountain.net
what is light? 129 F I G U R E 84 A visualisation of group velocity (blue) and phase velocity (red) for different types of waves (QuickTime film © ISVR, University of Southampton). Vol. I, page 286 Challenge 133 s much more. The website presentsthe beauty of light in nature – and all effects are also explainedindetail. What is the speed of light? What is signal speed? Physicstalks about motion. Talking is theexchange of sound; and soundis an example ofasignal. ⊳ A(physical)signalisthetransportofinformationusingthetransportofenergy. Therearenosignalswithoutamotionofenergy. Indeed,thereisnowaytostoreinformationwithoutstoringenergy.Toanysignalwecanthusascribeapropagationspeed.We call it the signal speed. The highestpossiblesignal speed is also the maximal velocity of the general influences, or, to use sloppy language, the maximal velocity with which effects spread causes. If the signal is carried by matter, such as by the written text in a letter, the signal velocity is the velocity of the material carrier. Experiments show that this speed is limited by the speed of light. For a wave carrier, such as water waves, sound, light or radio waves, the situation is less evident. What is the speed of a wave? The first answer that comes to mind is the speed with which wave crests of a sine wave move. This already introduced phase velocity is given by the ratio between the frequency and the wavelength of a monochromatic wave, i.e., by v ph = ω k . (71) For example, the phase velocity determines interference phenomena. Light in a vacuum has the same phase velocityv ph =c for all frequencies. Are you able to imagine an experimenttotestthistohighprecision? Motion Mountain – The Adventure of Physics copyright © Christoph Schiller June 1990–November 2015 free pdf file available at www.motionmountain.net
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ChristophSchiller MOTION MOUNTAIN t
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Editiovicesima octava. Proprietassc
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DieMenschenstärken,die Sachenklär
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8 preface PHYSICS: Describing motio
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10 preface Your donation to the cha
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12 contents Do we see what exists?
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Light, Charges and Brains Inourques
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16 1 electricity and fields F I G U
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18 1 electricityandfields F I G U R
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34 1 electricityandfields F I G U R
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42 1 electricity and fields Oersted
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44 1 electricity and fields Vol. IV
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48 1 electricity and fields Ref. 24
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50 1 electricity and fields Page 21
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Vol. IV, page 231 Chapter 2 THE DES
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Chapter 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS R
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236 7 the story of the brain F I G
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238 7 the story of the brain Vol. V
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248 7 the story of the brain Vol. I
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254 7 the story of the brain ∗∗
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Chapter 8 THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE Ref.
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268 8 thought and language Vol. IV,
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Chapter 10 CLASSICAL PHYSICS IN A N
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322 10 classical physics in a nutsh
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328 a units, measurements and const
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362 bibliography 10 Thiseffect hasf
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364 bibliography 37 A discussionof
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366 bibliography M.B. van der Mark
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368 bibliography Vol. I, page 96 19
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370 bibliography S.W. McCuskey, F.C
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372 bibliography 119 A complete lis
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386 bibliography Springer, 1996. wh
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CREDITS Acknowledgements Many peopl
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NAME INDEX A Abbott A Abbott,T.A.37
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398 name index H Holmes Holmes, C.D
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400 name index M Mohr Mohr, P.J. 38
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402 name index S Sheldon Sheldon, E
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404 name index Z Zybin Motion Mount
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406 subject index A units 328 Aplys
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408 subject index C classical class
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412 subject index F finite finite 2
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414 subject index I infrared photog
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422 subject index S Scarabeus Scara
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424 subject index T table d’Unit
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426 subject index W Wien’s Wien
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