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64 1 electricity and fields battery suspending wire N S mercury Challenge 50 s Challenge 51 s Challenge 52 s Ref. 32 Challenge 53 s F I G U R E 32 A unipolar motor. ∗∗ F I G U R E 33 The simplest motor (© Stefan Kluge). The shortest light pulse produced so far had a duration of100 as. To how many wavelengths of green light would that correspond? ∗∗ How long can batteries last? At Oxford University, in Clarendon Hall, visitors can watch a battery-operatedelectricbellthatisringingsince1840.Thetwobatteries,twoZamboni piles,produceahigh voltage and low current, sufficient to keep the bell ringing. Several other similar devices, using Zamboni piles, have worked in Italy with the same batteries for over 100 years. ∗∗ Why do we often see shadows of houses and shadows of trees, but never shadows of the electrical cables hanging over streets? ∗∗ How would you measure the speed of the tip of a lightning bolt? What range of values do you expect? ∗∗ One of the simplest possible electric motors was discovered by Faraday in 1831. A magnet suspended in mercury will start to turn around its axis if a current flows through it. (See Figure 32.) In addition, when the magnet is forced to turn, the device (often also called Barlow’s wheel) also works as a current generator; people have even tried to generate domestic current with such a system! Can you explain how it works? The modern version of this motor makes use of a battery, a wire, a conductive samarium–cobalt magnet and a screw.The result is shown in Figure 33. Motion Mountain – The Adventure of Physics copyright © Christoph Schiller June 1990–November 2015 free pdf file available at www.motionmountain.net
liquid electricity, invisible fields and maximum speed 65 current, voltage Electrical component Hydraulic component mass flow, pressure wire tube resistor porous filter capacitor flexible & elastic closure Ref. 33 battery diode transistor inductor F I G U R E 34 The correspondence of electronics and water flow. ∗∗ challenge pump one-way valve activated valve The magnetic field of the Earth has a dipole strength of7.8⋅10 22 A m 2 . It shields us, together with the atmosphere, from lethal solar winds and cosmic radiation particles, by deflecting them to the poles. Today, a lack of magnetic field would lead to high radiation on sunny days; but in the past, its lack would have prevented the evolution of the human species. We owe our existence to the magnetic field of the Earth. At present, the magnetic field decreases by about 5 % per century. It seems that it might disappear temporarily in 1500 years; it is unclear whether this will lead to an increase of the cosmic radiation hitting the Earth’s surface, or if the solar wind itself will take over the shielding effect. ∗∗ Comparing electricity with water is a good way of understanding electronics. Figure 34 shows a few examples that even a teenager can use. Can you fill in the correspondence Motion Mountain – The Adventure of Physics copyright © Christoph Schiller June 1990–November 2015 free pdf file available at www.motionmountain.net
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ChristophSchiller MOTION MOUNTAIN t
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Editiovicesima octava. Proprietassc
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DieMenschenstärken,die Sachenklär
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8 preface PHYSICS: Describing motio
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10 preface Your donation to the cha
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12 contents Do we see what exists?
Page 14 and 15: Light, Charges and Brains Inourques
Page 16 and 17: 16 1 electricity and fields F I G U
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114 3 what is light? F I G U R E 69
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116 3 what is light? light Ref. 72
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118 3 what is light? light Challeng
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120 3 what is light? momentumLis gi
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132 3 what is light? The forerunner
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134 3 what is light? vocabulary. On
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138 3 what is light? B B Beam in A
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Chapter 4 IMAGES AND THE EYE - OPTI
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142 4 images and the eye - optics 2
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Chapter 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS R
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236 7 the story of the brain F I G
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238 7 the story of the brain Vol. V
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240 7 the story of the brain TA B L
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242 7 the story of the brain consci
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244 7 the story of the brain Ref. 2
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246 7 the story of the brain F I G
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248 7 the story of the brain Vol. I
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254 7 the story of the brain ∗∗
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Chapter 8 THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE Ref.
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260 8 thought and language Vol. VI,
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268 8 thought and language Vol. IV,
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Chapter 10 CLASSICAL PHYSICS IN A N
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322 10 classical physics in a nutsh
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328 a units, measurements and const
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342 challenge hints and solutions n
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362 bibliography 10 Thiseffect hasf
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364 bibliography 37 A discussionof
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366 bibliography M.B. van der Mark
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368 bibliography Vol. I, page 96 19
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370 bibliography S.W. McCuskey, F.C
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372 bibliography 119 A complete lis
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374 bibliography F I G U R E 178 Th
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376 bibliography in unserer Zeit33,
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378 bibliography private communicat
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380 bibliography success of structu
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382 bibliography Vol. IV, page 135
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384 bibliography and 304. 260 For a
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386 bibliography Springer, 1996. wh
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CREDITS Acknowledgements Many peopl
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390 credits tute of Molecular Patho
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NAME INDEX A Abbott A Abbott,T.A.37
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396 name index D Democritus Democri
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398 name index H Holmes Holmes, C.D
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400 name index M Mohr Mohr, P.J. 38
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402 name index S Sheldon Sheldon, E
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404 name index Z Zybin Motion Mount
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406 subject index A units 328 Aplys
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408 subject index C classical class
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412 subject index F finite finite 2
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414 subject index I infrared photog
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422 subject index S Scarabeus Scara
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424 subject index T table d’Unit
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426 subject index W Wien’s Wien
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