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334 a units, measurements and constants Page 126 TA B L E 27 (Continued) Basic physical constants. Quantity Symbol Value in SI units Uncert. a Muonmass mµ 1.883531475(96)⋅10 −28 kg5.1⋅10 −8 0.1134289267(29) u 2.5⋅10 −8 105.6583715(35) MeV 3.4⋅10 −8 Taumass m τ 1.77682(16) GeV/c 2 El.neutrinomass m νe
a units, measurements and constants 335 Vol. IV, page 207 one to understand the origin of some dimensionless number giving the ratio between the constant and the correspondingnaturalunit that is defined withc,G,ħandα. Moredetailsandthe values of the natural units are given later. Understanding the sizes of atoms, people, trees and stars, the duration of molecular and atomic processes, or the mass of nuclei and mountains, implies understanding the ratios between these values and the corresponding natural units.The key to understanding nature is thus the understanding of all ratios, and thus of all dimensionless constants.The quest of understanding all ratios,including thefinestructureconstantαitself,is completedonly in thefinal volume of our adventure. The basic constants yield the following useful high-precisionobservations. TA B L E 28 Derived physical constants. Quantity Symbol Value in SI units Uncert. Vacuumwaveresistance Z 0 =√μ 0 /ε 0 376.73031346177...Ω 0 Avogadro’snumber N A 6.02214129(27)⋅10 23 4.4⋅10 −8 Loschmidt’snumber N L 2.6867805(24)⋅10 23 9.1⋅10 −7 at273.15 Kand101325 Pa Faraday’sconstant F=N A e 96485.3365(21) C/mol 2.2⋅10 −8 Universalgasconstant R=N A k 8.3144621(75) J/mol K 9.1⋅10 −7 Molarvolumeofanidealgas V=RT/p 22.413968(20) l/mol 9.1⋅10 −7 at273.15 Kand101325 Pa Rydbergconstant a R ∞ =m e cα 2 /2h 10973731.568539(55) m −1 5⋅10 −12 Conductancequantum G 0 =2e 2 /h 77.480917346(25)µS 3.2⋅10 −10 Magneticfluxquantum φ 0 =h/2e 2.067833758(46) pWb 2.2⋅10 −8 Josephsonfrequency ratio 2e/h 483.597870(11) THz/V 2.2⋅10 −8 VonKlitzingconstant h/e 2 =μ 0 c/2α 25812.8074434(84)Ω 3.2⋅10 −10 Bohrmagneton μ B =eħ/2m e 9.27400968(20) yJ/T 2.2⋅10 −8 Classicalelectron radius r e =e 2 /4πε 0 m e c 2 2.8179403267(27) fm 9.7⋅10 −10 Comptonwavelength λ C =h/m e c 2.4263102389(16) pm 6.5⋅10 −10 oftheelectron λ c =ħ/m e c=r e /α0.38615926800(25) pm 6.5⋅10 −10 Bohrradius a a ∞ =r e /α 2 52.917721092(17) pm 3.2⋅10 −10 Quantumofcirculation h/2m e 3.6369475520(24)⋅10 −4 m 2 /s6.5⋅10 −10 Specificpositroncharge e/m e 1.758820088(39)⋅10 11 C/kg 2.2⋅10 −8 Cyclotronfrequency f c /B=e/2πm e 27.99249110(62) GHz/T 2.2⋅10 −8 oftheelectron Electronmagneticmoment μ e −9.28476430(21)⋅10 −24 J/T 2.2⋅10 −8 μ e /μ B −1.00115965218076(27) 2.6⋅10 −13 μ e /μ N −1.83828197090(75)⋅10 3 4.1⋅10 −10 Electrong-factor g e −2.00231930436153(53) 2.6⋅10 −13 Muon–electronmassratio mµ/m e 206.7682843(52) 2.5⋅10 −8 Muonmagneticmoment μµ −4.49044807(15)⋅10 −26 J/T 3.4⋅10 −8 muong-factor gµ −2.0023318418(13) 6.3⋅10 −10 Motion Mountain – The Adventure of Physics copyright © Christoph Schiller June 1990–November 2015 free pdf file available at www.motionmountain.net
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ChristophSchiller MOTION MOUNTAIN t
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Editiovicesima octava. Proprietassc
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DieMenschenstärken,die Sachenklär
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8 preface PHYSICS: Describing motio
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10 preface Your donation to the cha
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12 contents Do we see what exists?
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Light, Charges and Brains Inourques
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16 1 electricity and fields F I G U
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18 1 electricityandfields F I G U R
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24 1 electricity and fields TA B L
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28 1 electricity and fields Challen
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30 1 electricity and fields If elec
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34 1 electricityandfields F I G U R
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42 1 electricity and fields Oersted
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44 1 electricity and fields Vol. IV
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48 1 electricity and fields Ref. 24
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50 1 electricity and fields Page 21
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52 1 electricity and fields Ref. 29
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Vol. IV, page 231 Chapter 2 THE DES
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Chapter 3 WHAT IS LIGHT? Ref. 57 Pa
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96 3 what is light? Electric field
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98 3 what is light? spark transmitt
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102 3 what is light? primary infrar
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104 3 what is light? Page 84 gases
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106 3 what is light? Fre - Waveleng
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108 3 what is light? Challenge 110
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110 3 what is light? incoming light
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112 3 what is light? Ref. 70 Challe
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114 3 what is light? F I G U R E 69
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116 3 what is light? light Ref. 72
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118 3 what is light? light Challeng
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120 3 what is light? momentumLis gi
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122 3 what is light? Ref. 80 Challe
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126 3 what is light? Ref. 87 Page 9
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130 3 what is light? v ph v So F I
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132 3 what is light? The forerunner
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134 3 what is light? vocabulary. On
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136 3 what is light? source beam sp
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138 3 what is light? B B Beam in A
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Chapter 4 IMAGES AND THE EYE - OPTI
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142 4 images and the eye - optics 2
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144 4 images and the eye - optics C
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Chapter 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS R
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208 5 electromagnetic effects Ref.
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216 5 electromagnetic effects TA B
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236 7 the story of the brain F I G
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238 7 the story of the brain Vol. V
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240 7 the story of the brain TA B L
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242 7 the story of the brain consci
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246 7 the story of the brain F I G
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248 7 the story of the brain Vol. I
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254 7 the story of the brain ∗∗
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Chapter 8 THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE Ref.
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258 8 thought and language Challeng
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260 8 thought and language Vol. VI,
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262 8 thought and language F I G U
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264 8 thought and language Challeng
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266 8 thought and language Ref. 241
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268 8 thought and language Vol. IV,
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270 8 thought and language . . 0 1
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274 8 thought and language ⊳ Ever
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276 8 thought and language F I G U
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384 bibliography and 304. 260 For a
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386 bibliography Springer, 1996. wh
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CREDITS Acknowledgements Many peopl
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390 credits tute of Molecular Patho
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NAME INDEX A Abbott A Abbott,T.A.37
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396 name index D Democritus Democri
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398 name index H Holmes Holmes, C.D
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400 name index M Mohr Mohr, P.J. 38
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402 name index S Sheldon Sheldon, E
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404 name index Z Zybin Motion Mount
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406 subject index A units 328 Aplys
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408 subject index C classical class
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410 subject index E Earth Earth age
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412 subject index F finite finite 2
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414 subject index I infrared photog
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416 subject index L Lorentz Lorentz
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418 subject index M motion motion a
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420 subject index P physiologists p
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422 subject index S Scarabeus Scara
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424 subject index T table d’Unit
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426 subject index W Wien’s Wien
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