MOTION MOUNTAIN

ibliography 367
the eye using linear polarized illumination and taken through an analyser shows a black
crossinsidethepupil. Cited onpage110.
69 T.W. Cronin & J. Marshall, Patterns and properties of polarized light in air and water,PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSocietyB366,pp.619–626,2011,availablefree
onlineatrstb.royalsocietypublishing.org. Cited onpage111.
70 Edward M. Purcell, Electricity and Magnetism – Berkeley Physics Course Volume 2,
McGraw–Hill,1984. Cited onpage112.
71 This was the book series in twenty volumes by Aaron Bernstein, Naturwissenschaftliche
Volksbücher, Duncker, 1873-1874. The young Einstein read them, between 1892 and
1894,with ‘breathlessattention’,ashewrotelateron.Theycanstillbereadinmanylibraries.
Cited onpage115.
72 On the ways to levitate and manipulate small glass beads with lasers, see the article
D. McGloin, Optical tweezers: 20 years on, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 364, pp. 3521–3537, 2006.
The photographs shown on page 116 are from T. Li, S. Kheifets, D. Medellin &
M.G. Raizen, Measurement of the instantaneous velocity of a Brownianparticle,Science
328,pp.1673–1675,2010,andT. Li, S. Kheifets &M.G. Raizen,Millikelvincoolingof
an optically trapped microspherein vacuum, NaturePhysics 7,pp.527–530, 2011. Cited on
page116.
73 ThefirstcorrectexplanationofthelightmillwasgivenbyOsborne Reynolds, Oncertaindimensionalpropertiesofmatterinthegaseousstate,RoyalSocietyPhilosophicalTransactionsPart2,1879.ThebestdiscussionistheonegivenonthewebbyPhil
Gibbs,inthe
frequently asked question list of the usenet news group sci.physics; it is available at the
www.desy.de/user/projects/Physics/General/LightMill/light-mill.html website. A film of a
rotatingradiometerisfoundincommons.wikimedia.org. Cited onpage118.
74 P. Lebedew, Untersuchungen über die Druckkräfte des Lichtes, Annalen der Physik 6,
pp. 307–458, 1901. Lebedew confirmed Kepler’s result that light pressure is the basis for
the change of direction of the tails of comets when they circle around the Sun. Cited on
page118.
75 P. Galajda & P. Ormos, AppliedPhysicsLetters78,p.249,2001. Cited onpage118.
76 AshortoverviewisgivenbyMiles Padgett & Les Allen,Opticaltweezersandspanners,
PhysicsWorldpp.35–38,September 1997.TheoriginalpapersbyAshkin’sgroup are
A. Ashkin, J.M. Dziedzic, J.E. Bjorkholm & S. Chu, Observation of a gradient
force optical trap for dielectric particles, Optics Letters 11, p. 288, 1986, and A. Askin,
J.M. Dziedzic & T. Yamane,Opticaltrappingandmanipulationofsinglecellsusinginfrared
laser beams, Nature 330, p. 769, 1987. A pedagogical explanation on optical spanners,
together with a way to build one, can be found in D.N. Moothoo, J. Arlt,
R.S. Conroy, F. Akerboom, A. Voit & K. Dholakia, Beth’sexperiment using optical
tweezers, American Journal of Physics 69, pp. 271–276, 2001, and in S.P. Smith,
S.R. Bhalotra, A.L. Brody, B.L. Brown, E.K. Boyda & M. Prentiss, Inexpensive
optical tweezers for undergraduate laboratories, American Journal of Physics 67,
pp.26–35,1999. Cited onpages 118and119.
77 R.A. Beth, Mechanical detection and measurement of the angular momentum of light,
Physical Review 50, p. 115, 1936. For modern measurements, see N.B. Simpson,
K. Dholakia, L. Allen & M.J. Padgett, Mechanical equivalence of spin and orbital
angular momentum of light: an optical spanner, Optics Letters 22, pp. 52–54, 1997,
and M.E.J. Friese, T.A. Nieminen, N.R. Heckenberg & H. Rubinsztein-
Dunlop, Optical torque controlled by elliptical polarization, Optics Letters 23, pp. 1–3,
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