MOTION MOUNTAIN

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160 4 images and the eye – optics α air n≈1 α air n≈1 β water n>1 β left-handed material n
images – transporting light 161 F I G U R E 110 An example of an isotropic metamaterial (M. Zedler et al., © 2007 IEEE). Ref. 123 Ref. 122 Ref. 124 Ref. 125 effect. However, these predictions have not been verified yet. Most intriguing, negative index materials are predicted to allow constructing lenses that are completely flat. In addition, in the year 2000, John Pendry gained the attention of the whole physics community world-wide by predicting that lenses made with such materials, in particular for a refractive indexn=−1, would be perfect, thus beating the usual diffraction limit.This would happen because such a perfect lens would also image theevanescent parts of the waves – i.e., the exponentially decaying ones – by amplifying them accordingly. First experiments claim to confirm the prediction. Exploration of the topic is still in full swing. So far,left-handedmaterialshave been realized only for microwave and terahertz frequencies. First claims in the visible domain have been published, but have to be taken with care. It should be mentioned that one type of negative refraction systems have been known since a long time: diffraction gratings. We could argue thatleft-handedmaterials are gratings that attempt to work in all spatial directions. And indeed, all left-handed materialsrealizedsofarareperiodicarrangementsofelectromagneticcircuits. Metamaterials Thesimplestrealizationofleft-handedsystemsaremetamaterials.Metamaterialsareengineered metal-insulator structures with a periodicity below the wavelength of the radiation for which they are designed, so that the structure behaves like a homogeneous material. Metamaterials have negative or otherwise unusual permittivity or permeability properties in a certain wavelength range, usually in the microwave domain; some metamaterials areleft-handed. Currently,therearetwobasicapproachestorealizemetamaterials.Thefirstistobuild a metamaterial fromalarge array ofcompactresonantsubstructures,suchas inductorcapacitor(LC-)circuitsordielectricspheres.Thesecondapproachistobuildametamaterial fromtransmissionlines. Thelatter approachhaslowerlossesandawiderspectral range;anexampleforthistypeisshowninFigure110.Comparingandexploringdifferent realizationsissubjectofintenseresearch. Most metamaterials are conceived for microwaves or terahertz waves. Industrial applications of metamaterials are expected for antenna design; for example, an antenna dipole could be located just above a metamaterial and thus allowing to build flat direc- Motion Mountain – The Adventure of Physics copyright © Christoph Schiller June 1990–November 2015 free pdf file available at www.motionmountain.net
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ChristophSchiller MOTION MOUNTAIN t
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Editiovicesima octava. Proprietassc
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DieMenschenstärken,die Sachenklär
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8 preface PHYSICS: Describing motio
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10 preface Your donation to the cha
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12 contents Do we see what exists?
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Light, Charges and Brains Inourques
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16 1 electricity and fields F I G U
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18 1 electricityandfields F I G U R
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24 1 electricity and fields TA B L
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28 1 electricity and fields Challen
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30 1 electricity and fields If elec
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34 1 electricityandfields F I G U R
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42 1 electricity and fields Oersted
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44 1 electricity and fields Vol. IV
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48 1 electricity and fields Ref. 24
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50 1 electricity and fields Page 21
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52 1 electricity and fields Ref. 29
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64 1 electricity and fields battery
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Vol. IV, page 231 Chapter 2 THE DES
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76 2 the description of electromagn
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Chapter 3 WHAT IS LIGHT? Ref. 57 Pa
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96 3 what is light? Electric field
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98 3 what is light? spark transmitt
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100 3 what is light? Ref. 59 Page 1
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102 3 what is light? primary infrar
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104 3 what is light? Page 84 gases
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106 3 what is light? Fre - Waveleng
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108 3 what is light? Challenge 110
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230 6 classical electrodynamics Pag
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234 6 classical electrodynamics Cha
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236 7 the story of the brain F I G
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238 7 the story of the brain Vol. V
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240 7 the story of the brain TA B L
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242 7 the story of the brain consci
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244 7 the story of the brain Ref. 2
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246 7 the story of the brain F I G
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248 7 the story of the brain Vol. I
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254 7 the story of the brain ∗∗
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Chapter 8 THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE Ref.
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258 8 thought and language Challeng
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260 8 thought and language Vol. VI,
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262 8 thought and language F I G U
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264 8 thought and language Challeng
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266 8 thought and language Ref. 241
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268 8 thought and language Vol. IV,
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270 8 thought and language . . 0 1
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272 8 thought and language Ref. 251
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274 8 thought and language ⊳ Ever
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276 8 thought and language F I G U
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278 9 concepts, lies and patterns o
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Chapter 10 CLASSICAL PHYSICS IN A N
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322 10 classical physics in a nutsh
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328 a units, measurements and const
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342 challenge hints and solutions n
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360 challenge hints and solutions V
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362 bibliography 10 Thiseffect hasf
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364 bibliography 37 A discussionof
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366 bibliography M.B. van der Mark
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368 bibliography Vol. I, page 96 19
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370 bibliography S.W. McCuskey, F.C
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372 bibliography 119 A complete lis
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374 bibliography F I G U R E 178 Th
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376 bibliography in unserer Zeit33,
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382 bibliography Vol. IV, page 135
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384 bibliography and 304. 260 For a
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386 bibliography Springer, 1996. wh
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CREDITS Acknowledgements Many peopl
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NAME INDEX A Abbott A Abbott,T.A.37
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396 name index D Democritus Democri
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398 name index H Holmes Holmes, C.D
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400 name index M Mohr Mohr, P.J. 38
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402 name index S Sheldon Sheldon, E
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404 name index Z Zybin Motion Mount
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406 subject index A units 328 Aplys
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408 subject index C classical class
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410 subject index E Earth Earth age
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412 subject index F finite finite 2
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414 subject index I infrared photog
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416 subject index L Lorentz Lorentz
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422 subject index S Scarabeus Scara
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424 subject index T table d’Unit
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426 subject index W Wien’s Wien
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