MOTION MOUNTAIN

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34 1 electricityandfields F I G U R E 13 Various types of magnets and effective magnets: the needle in a compass, some horseshoe magnets, two galaxies, the magnetic organ of a dove, the Earth, a lifting magnet, and the Sun. (© Wikimedia, Shambhavi, Anthony Ayiomamitis, NASA).
liquid electricity, invisible fields and maximum speed 35 TA B L E 8 Some observed magnetic fields. Observation Magnetic field Ref. 18 Lowest measured magnetic field (e.g., fields of the Schumann 1 fT resonances) Magnetic field produced by brain currents 0.1 pT to3 pT Magnetic field produced by single muscle action 1 pT Intergalactic magnetic fields 1 pT to10 pT Magnetic field in the human chest, due to heart currents 100 pT Magnetic field of our galaxy 0.5 nT Magnetic field due to solar wind 0.2 to80 nT Magnetic field directly below high voltage power line 0.1 to1 µT Magnetic field of Earth 20 to70 µT Magnetic field inside home with electricity 0.1 to100 µT Magnetic field near mobile phone 100 µT Magnetic field that influences visual image quality in the dark 100 µT Magnetic field near iron magnet 100 mT Solar spots 1 T Magnetic fields near high technology permanent magnet max1.3 T Magnetic fields that produces sense of coldness in humans 5 T or more Magnetic fields in particle accelerator 10 T Maximum static magnetic field produced with superconducting coils22 T Highest static magnetic fields produced in laboratory, using hybrid 45 T magnets Highestpulsed magnetic fields produced without coil destruction 76 T Pulsed magnetic fields produced, lasting about1 µs, using imploding 1000 T coils Field of white dwarf 10 4 T Fields in petawatt laser pulses 30 kT Field of neutron star from10 6 T to10 11 T Quantum critical magnetic field 4.4 GT Highest field ever measured, on magnetar and soft gamma repeater 0.8 to1⋅10 11 T SGR-1806-20 Estimated magnetic field near atomic nucleus 1 TT Maximum possible magnetic field in nature (corrected Planck 6.3⋅10 53 T magnetic fieldc 3 /4Ge) Magnets and other magnetic materials Thestudyofmagnetismprogressedacrosstheworldindependentlyofthestudyofelectricity. Towards the end of the twelfth century, the compass came into use in Europe. At that time, there still were heated debates on whether it pointed to the north or the south. Then, in 1269, the military engineer Pierre de Maricourt (b. 1219 Maricourt, d. 1292unknown) publishedhisstudy ofmagneticmaterials. Hefoundthateverymag- Motion Mountain – The Adventure of Physics copyright © Christoph Schiller June 1990–November 2015 free pdf file available at www.motionmountain.net
Page 1: ChristophSchiller MOTION MOUNTAIN t
Page 4 and 5: Editiovicesima octava. Proprietassc
Page 6 and 7: DieMenschenstärken,die Sachenklär
Page 8 and 9: 8 preface PHYSICS: Describing motio
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Page 12 and 13: 12 contents Do we see what exists?
Page 14 and 15: Light, Charges and Brains Inourques
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Chapter 3 WHAT IS LIGHT? Ref. 57 Pa
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96 3 what is light? Electric field
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98 3 what is light? spark transmitt
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100 3 what is light? Ref. 59 Page 1
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102 3 what is light? primary infrar
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104 3 what is light? Page 84 gases
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106 3 what is light? Fre - Waveleng
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108 3 what is light? Challenge 110
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110 3 what is light? incoming light
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112 3 what is light? Ref. 70 Challe
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114 3 what is light? F I G U R E 69
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116 3 what is light? light Ref. 72
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118 3 what is light? light Challeng
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120 3 what is light? momentumLis gi
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122 3 what is light? Ref. 80 Challe
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126 3 what is light? Ref. 87 Page 9
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130 3 what is light? v ph v So F I
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132 3 what is light? The forerunner
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134 3 what is light? vocabulary. On
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136 3 what is light? source beam sp
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138 3 what is light? B B Beam in A
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Chapter 4 IMAGES AND THE EYE - OPTI
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142 4 images and the eye - optics 2
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144 4 images and the eye - optics C
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Chapter 5 ELECTROMAGNETIC EFFECTS R
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208 5 electromagnetic effects Ref.
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216 5 electromagnetic effects TA B
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230 6 classical electrodynamics Pag
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236 7 the story of the brain F I G
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238 7 the story of the brain Vol. V
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240 7 the story of the brain TA B L
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242 7 the story of the brain consci
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244 7 the story of the brain Ref. 2
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246 7 the story of the brain F I G
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248 7 the story of the brain Vol. I
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254 7 the story of the brain ∗∗
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Chapter 8 THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE Ref.
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258 8 thought and language Challeng
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260 8 thought and language Vol. VI,
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262 8 thought and language F I G U
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264 8 thought and language Challeng
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266 8 thought and language Ref. 241
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268 8 thought and language Vol. IV,
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270 8 thought and language . . 0 1
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272 8 thought and language Ref. 251
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274 8 thought and language ⊳ Ever
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276 8 thought and language F I G U
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278 9 concepts, lies and patterns o
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Chapter 10 CLASSICAL PHYSICS IN A N
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322 10 classical physics in a nutsh
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328 a units, measurements and const
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342 challenge hints and solutions n
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360 challenge hints and solutions V
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362 bibliography 10 Thiseffect hasf
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364 bibliography 37 A discussionof
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366 bibliography M.B. van der Mark
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368 bibliography Vol. I, page 96 19
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370 bibliography S.W. McCuskey, F.C
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372 bibliography 119 A complete lis
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374 bibliography F I G U R E 178 Th
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376 bibliography in unserer Zeit33,
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378 bibliography private communicat
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380 bibliography success of structu
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382 bibliography Vol. IV, page 135
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384 bibliography and 304. 260 For a
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386 bibliography Springer, 1996. wh
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CREDITS Acknowledgements Many peopl
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390 credits tute of Molecular Patho
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392 credits scientific_photos.htm.O
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NAME INDEX A Abbott A Abbott,T.A.37
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396 name index D Democritus Democri
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398 name index H Holmes Holmes, C.D
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400 name index M Mohr Mohr, P.J. 38
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402 name index S Sheldon Sheldon, E
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404 name index Z Zybin Motion Mount
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406 subject index A units 328 Aplys
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408 subject index C classical class
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410 subject index E Earth Earth age
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412 subject index F finite finite 2
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414 subject index I infrared photog
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416 subject index L Lorentz Lorentz
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418 subject index M motion motion a
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420 subject index P physiologists p
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422 subject index S Scarabeus Scara
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424 subject index T table d’Unit
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426 subject index W Wien’s Wien
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