MOTION MOUNTAIN

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192 4 images and the eye – optics Challenge 184 ny Ref. 146 ∗∗ The simplest imaging system are eye glasses. A child that has no proper glasses misses an important experience: seeing the stars. Such a child will not understand the famous statement by Immanuel Kant: ‘Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe, the more often and persistently thought considers them: the starred sky above me and the moral law inside me.’ Always be sure that children can see the stars. Two lenses of 40 cents each are sufficient to change the life of a child or that of an adult. See the website www.onedollarglasses.org for an effective way to do it across the world. ∗∗ How does the eye correct pixel (photoreceptor) failure? How many pixels are bad in a typical eye? ∗∗ Infrared light can be seen, if it is of sufficient intensity. (Never try this yourself!) People who observed such light sources – semiconductor lasers, for example – saw it as a white spot with some red borders. In other cases, it is also possible to see short infrared pulses through double-photon absorption in the retina; in this way, infrared of1000 nm producesagreenflashinsidetheeye. ∗∗ Among vertebrates, the largest eye is the eye of the blue whale; it has a diameter of55 mm. (Only squids have larger eyes.) The smallest vertebrate eye seems to be that of juvenile Brookesia micra, a small chameleon whose head is half the size of the head of a match and whose eye is around0.3 mm in diameter. The eye is a wonderful organ. To learn more about it, read the beautiful book Simon Ings,The Eye–ANatural History, Bloomsbury,2007. ∗∗ In many applications, it is important to avoid reflections. Anti-reflection coatings are used on the glass of shop-windows,and in lens systems that need to work in dim conditions,whenlightisscarce.Alsoliving beings have anti-reflectioncoatings;theeyesof moths are famous for appearing black also in bright daylight, because they do not reflect light. Various companies are trying to reproduce this so-called moth-eye effect in commercialapplications. ∗∗ Moderntechnologyallowsproducingmicroscopesatlowcost.Forafascinatingexample, seethe1Euromicroscopethatcanbefoldedfromasheetofpaper,embeddedwithsome additionaldevices, and is shown in Figure 142.The device is used by holding it in front of the eye or by holding it in front of a lamp and observing the projected image on a screen. ∗∗ If a sufficient number of images is available, it is possible to identify the camera that produced them. Every camera has a specific image noise pattern; by extracting it through Motion Mountain – The Adventure of Physics copyright © Christoph Schiller June 1990–November 2015 free pdf file available at www.motionmountain.net
displaying images 193 F I G U R E 142 Top: the production and the parts of a flat microscope for medical use in developing countries made from sheet paper; bottom: the images it produces (© Foldscope team at www. foldscope.com).
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ChristophSchiller MOTION MOUNTAIN t
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Editiovicesima octava. Proprietassc
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DieMenschenstärken,die Sachenklär
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8 preface PHYSICS: Describing motio
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10 preface Your donation to the cha
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12 contents Do we see what exists?
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Light, Charges and Brains Inourques
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16 1 electricity and fields F I G U
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18 1 electricityandfields F I G U R
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24 1 electricity and fields TA B L
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28 1 electricity and fields Challen
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34 1 electricityandfields F I G U R
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42 1 electricity and fields Oersted
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44 1 electricity and fields Vol. IV
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48 1 electricity and fields Ref. 24
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50 1 electricity and fields Page 21
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52 1 electricity and fields Ref. 29
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Vol. IV, page 231 Chapter 2 THE DES
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76 2 the description of electromagn
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Chapter 3 WHAT IS LIGHT? Ref. 57 Pa
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96 3 what is light? Electric field
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98 3 what is light? spark transmitt
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100 3 what is light? Ref. 59 Page 1
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102 3 what is light? primary infrar
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104 3 what is light? Page 84 gases
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106 3 what is light? Fre - Waveleng
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108 3 what is light? Challenge 110
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110 3 what is light? incoming light
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112 3 what is light? Ref. 70 Challe
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114 3 what is light? F I G U R E 69
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116 3 what is light? light Ref. 72
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118 3 what is light? light Challeng
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120 3 what is light? momentumLis gi
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122 3 what is light? Ref. 80 Challe
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126 3 what is light? Ref. 87 Page 9
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130 3 what is light? v ph v So F I
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132 3 what is light? The forerunner
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134 3 what is light? vocabulary. On
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136 3 what is light? source beam sp
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138 3 what is light? B B Beam in A
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Chapter 4 IMAGES AND THE EYE - OPTI
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242 7 the story of the brain consci
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244 7 the story of the brain Ref. 2
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246 7 the story of the brain F I G
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248 7 the story of the brain Vol. I
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254 7 the story of the brain ∗∗
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Chapter 8 THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE Ref.
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260 8 thought and language Vol. VI,
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262 8 thought and language F I G U
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268 8 thought and language Vol. IV,
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270 8 thought and language . . 0 1
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274 8 thought and language ⊳ Ever
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Chapter 10 CLASSICAL PHYSICS IN A N
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322 10 classical physics in a nutsh
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328 a units, measurements and const
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342 challenge hints and solutions n
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360 challenge hints and solutions V
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362 bibliography 10 Thiseffect hasf
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364 bibliography 37 A discussionof
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366 bibliography M.B. van der Mark
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368 bibliography Vol. I, page 96 19
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370 bibliography S.W. McCuskey, F.C
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372 bibliography 119 A complete lis
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374 bibliography F I G U R E 178 Th
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376 bibliography in unserer Zeit33,
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382 bibliography Vol. IV, page 135
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384 bibliography and 304. 260 For a
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386 bibliography Springer, 1996. wh
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CREDITS Acknowledgements Many peopl
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390 credits tute of Molecular Patho
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392 credits scientific_photos.htm.O
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NAME INDEX A Abbott A Abbott,T.A.37
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396 name index D Democritus Democri
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398 name index H Holmes Holmes, C.D
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400 name index M Mohr Mohr, P.J. 38
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402 name index S Sheldon Sheldon, E
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404 name index Z Zybin Motion Mount
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406 subject index A units 328 Aplys
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408 subject index C classical class
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410 subject index E Earth Earth age
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412 subject index F finite finite 2
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414 subject index I infrared photog
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416 subject index L Lorentz Lorentz
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422 subject index S Scarabeus Scara
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424 subject index T table d’Unit
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426 subject index W Wien’s Wien
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