MOTION MOUNTAIN

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202 4 images and the eye – optics CD track pitch 1.6 µm minimum pit length 0.8 µm DVD track pitch 0.74 µm minimum pit length 0.4 µm Blue Ray Disk track pitch 0.32 µm minimum pit length 0.15µm F I G U R E 150 Composed image of the tracks and the laser spot in a drive reading a CD, a DVD and a blue ray disc (© Wikimedia). Challenge 200 e F I G U R E 151 One of the many kinds of Benham wheels. Rotating it with a top, a CD player or a drill is the simplest way to produce Fechner colours, i.e., false colours that appear from intermittent black and white patterns. human, are precise within a few nanometres, and cost more than six million Euro a piece. Objectives for extreme UV will be even more expensive. ∗∗ You can buy transparent window panes that can be switched to translucent and back – thus from a clear glass to milk glass and back – by toggling an electrical switch. How do they work? ∗∗ A rotating wheel coloured in a specific black and white pattern, such asBenham’swheel, will produce false colour effects in the eye. Unfortunately, a video of the effect does not work inside a pdf file such as the one of this book; instead, have a look at Kenneth Brecher’s website at lite.bu.edu/vision/applets/Color/Benham/Benham.html or lite.bu. edu/vision-flash10/applets/Color/Benham/Benham.html. False colours can also be in- Motion Mountain – The Adventure of Physics copyright © Christoph Schiller June 1990–November 2015 free pdf file available at www.motionmountain.net
displaying images 203 Ref. 154 Challenge 201 e ducedbyflickeringmonochromaticimagesoncomputerscreens.Allthesefalsecolours aremainly duetothedifferentresponsetimesofred,greenandbluecones. ∗∗ Thesizeoftheeyeinmammalsdependsontheirmaximumrunningspeed.Thisdependencehasbeen verified for 50 different species. Interestingly, the correlation does not hold for the flying speed of birds. Did you ever see a shadow on a mirror or a flat water surface? Why not? ∗∗ Summary on applied optics The art and science of making images is central to modern health care, industry, science, entertainment and telecommunications. Acquiring images is in large part the result of bending light beams in predefined ways and then detecting them. All image acquisition systems, biological or human-made, are based on reflection, refraction or diffraction, combined with pixel detectors. All imaging systems that acquire or display highquality images – biological or human-made – use clever combinations of materials science,sensors,actuatorsandsignalprocessing.Thefieldisstill evolving. Motion Mountain – The Adventure of Physics copyright © Christoph Schiller June 1990–November 2015 free pdf file available at www.motionmountain.net
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ChristophSchiller MOTION MOUNTAIN t
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Editiovicesima octava. Proprietassc
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DieMenschenstärken,die Sachenklär
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8 preface PHYSICS: Describing motio
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10 preface Your donation to the cha
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12 contents Do we see what exists?
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Light, Charges and Brains Inourques
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16 1 electricity and fields F I G U
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18 1 electricityandfields F I G U R
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24 1 electricity and fields TA B L
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34 1 electricityandfields F I G U R
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42 1 electricity and fields Oersted
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44 1 electricity and fields Vol. IV
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48 1 electricity and fields Ref. 24
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50 1 electricity and fields Page 21
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52 1 electricity and fields Ref. 29
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Vol. IV, page 231 Chapter 2 THE DES
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76 2 the description of electromagn
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Chapter 3 WHAT IS LIGHT? Ref. 57 Pa
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96 3 what is light? Electric field
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98 3 what is light? spark transmitt
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100 3 what is light? Ref. 59 Page 1
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102 3 what is light? primary infrar
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104 3 what is light? Page 84 gases
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106 3 what is light? Fre - Waveleng
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108 3 what is light? Challenge 110
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110 3 what is light? incoming light
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112 3 what is light? Ref. 70 Challe
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114 3 what is light? F I G U R E 69
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116 3 what is light? light Ref. 72
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118 3 what is light? light Challeng
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120 3 what is light? momentumLis gi
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132 3 what is light? The forerunner
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134 3 what is light? vocabulary. On
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136 3 what is light? source beam sp
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138 3 what is light? B B Beam in A
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Chapter 4 IMAGES AND THE EYE - OPTI
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254 7 the story of the brain ∗∗
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Chapter 8 THOUGHT AND LANGUAGE Ref.
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260 8 thought and language Vol. VI,
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262 8 thought and language F I G U
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268 8 thought and language Vol. IV,
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Chapter 10 CLASSICAL PHYSICS IN A N
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328 a units, measurements and const
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342 challenge hints and solutions n
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362 bibliography 10 Thiseffect hasf
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364 bibliography 37 A discussionof
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366 bibliography M.B. van der Mark
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368 bibliography Vol. I, page 96 19
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370 bibliography S.W. McCuskey, F.C
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376 bibliography in unserer Zeit33,
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382 bibliography Vol. IV, page 135
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384 bibliography and 304. 260 For a
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386 bibliography Springer, 1996. wh
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CREDITS Acknowledgements Many peopl
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NAME INDEX A Abbott A Abbott,T.A.37
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396 name index D Democritus Democri
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398 name index H Holmes Holmes, C.D
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400 name index M Mohr Mohr, P.J. 38
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402 name index S Sheldon Sheldon, E
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404 name index Z Zybin Motion Mount
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406 subject index A units 328 Aplys
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408 subject index C classical class
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410 subject index E Earth Earth age
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412 subject index F finite finite 2
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414 subject index I infrared photog
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422 subject index S Scarabeus Scara
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424 subject index T table d’Unit
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426 subject index W Wien’s Wien
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