MOTION MOUNTAIN

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216 5 electromagnetic effects TA B L E 17 Selected matter properties related to electromagnetism, showing among other things the role it plays in the constitution of matter; at the same time a short overview of atomic, solid state, fluid and business physics. Property Example Definition thermalradiation,heat every object temperature-dependent radiationemitted radiationorincandescence byanymacroscopicamountofmatter emissivity all bodies abilitytoemitthermallight Interactionswithchargesandcurrents(transport-relatedeffects) electrification separatingmetals from spontaneouscharging insulators triboelectricity glassrubbedoncatfur chargingthroughrubbing barometerlight mercury slippingalong gasdischargeduetotriboelectricity Ref. 183 glass insulation air nocurrentflowbelowcriticalvoltagedrop semiconductivity diamond,siliconor gallium arsenide currentflowsonlywhenmaterialisimpure (‘doped’) conductivity copper,metals currentflowseasily superconductivity niobiumbelow9 K currentflowsindefinitely ionization fireflames currentflowseasily localization(weak, disordered solids resistanceofdisordered solids Anderson) resistivity,Joule effect graphite,W heatingduetocurrentflow thermoelectric effects at contacts:Seebeckeffect, Peltiereffect thermoelectric effect inthe bulk: Thomsoneffect ZnSb,PbTe,PbSe, BiSeTe, Bi 2 Te 3 ,etc. currentflowduetotemperaturedifference, coolingduetocurrentflow Fe,Bi,Co,Sb,Cu,Ag, coolingduetotemperaturegradients etc. acousto-electriceffect CdS soundgenerationbycurrents,andvice versa magnetoresistance(several permalloy, perovskites, electrical resistancechangeswithapplied differenteffects) metal multilayers magneticfield Ref. 184 recombination smokedetector chargecarriers combinetomakeneutral atomsormolecules annihilation positrontomography particleandantiparticle,e.g.electronand positron,disappearintophotons Penningeffect H,Ne,Ar neutralmetastableexcited atomsionize Richardsoneffect,thermal emission BaO 2 ,W,Mo,usedin tvandelectron microscopes otheratomsthroughcollisions emissionofelectrons fromhotmetals skineffect Cu,allconductors highcurrentdensityonexteriorofwireat highfrequency pincheffect InSb,plasmas highcurrentdensityoninteriorofwire Motion Mountain – The Adventure of Physics copyright © Christoph Schiller June 1990–November 2015 free pdf file available at www.motionmountain.net
electromagnetic effects and challenges 217 TA B L E 17 (Continued) Selected matter properties related to electromagnetism. Property Example Definition Josephsoneffect Nb-Oxide-Nb tunnelcurrentflowsthroughinsulator betweentwosuperconductors Sasaki–Shibuyaeffect n-Ge,n-Si anisotropyofconductivityduetoapplied electric field switchablemagnetism InAs:Mn voltageswitchablemagnetization Ref. 185 Halleffect Ettingshausen–Nernst effect siliconandother semiconductors;used formagneticfield measurements Bi voltageperpendiculartocurrentflowin appliedmagneticfield appearanceofelectric fieldinmaterials withtemperaturegradientsinmagnetic fields optogalvaniceffect plasmas changeofdischargecurrentduetolight irradiation Interactionswithmagneticfields ferromagnetism Fe,Ni,Co,Gd spontaneousmagnetization;material stronglyattractedbymagneticfields paramagnetism Fe,Al,Mg,Mn,Cr inducedmagnetizationparallel toapplied field;attractedbymagneticfields diamagnetism water,Au,graphite, NaCl inducedmagnetizationopposedtoapplied field;repelled bymagneticfields magnetostriction(andthe related Jouleeffect, Villari effect,Wiedemanneffect, Matteuccieffect, Barret effect andNagaoka-Honds effect) CeB 6 ,CePd 2 Al 3 , TbDyFe changeofshapeorvolumebyapplied magneticfield magnetoelasticeffect Fe,Ni changeofmagnetizationbytensionor pressure acousto-magneticeffect metal alloys,anti-theft excitationofmechanicaloscillations stickers throughmagneticfield spinvalveeffect metal multilayers electrical resistancedependsonspin directionofelectrons withrespectto appliedmagneticfield Zeeman effect atoms,e.g.,Cd changeofemissionfrequency with magneticfield opticalorientation paramagnetic gases circularly polarized lightandmagnetic fieldalignatomicspinsduetoZeeman effect Hanleeffect Hg,paramagnetic gases changeofpolarizationoffluorescencewith magneticfield Paschen–Backeffect, Back–Goudsmiteffect, atomicgases changeofemissionfrequency instrong magneticfields Motion Mountain – The Adventure of Physics copyright © Christoph Schiller June 1990–November 2015 free pdf file available at www.motionmountain.net
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ChristophSchiller MOTION MOUNTAIN t
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Editiovicesima octava. Proprietassc
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DieMenschenstärken,die Sachenklär
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8 preface PHYSICS: Describing motio
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10 preface Your donation to the cha
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12 contents Do we see what exists?
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Light, Charges and Brains Inourques
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16 1 electricity and fields F I G U
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18 1 electricityandfields F I G U R
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20 1 electricity and fields nylon r
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24 1 electricity and fields TA B L
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28 1 electricity and fields Challen
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30 1 electricity and fields If elec
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34 1 electricityandfields F I G U R
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42 1 electricity and fields Oersted
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44 1 electricity and fields Vol. IV
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48 1 electricity and fields Ref. 24
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50 1 electricity and fields Page 21
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52 1 electricity and fields Ref. 29
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Vol. IV, page 231 Chapter 2 THE DES
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76 2 the description of electromagn
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Chapter 3 WHAT IS LIGHT? Ref. 57 Pa
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96 3 what is light? Electric field
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98 3 what is light? spark transmitt
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100 3 what is light? Ref. 59 Page 1
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102 3 what is light? primary infrar
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104 3 what is light? Page 84 gases
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106 3 what is light? Fre - Waveleng
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108 3 what is light? Challenge 110
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110 3 what is light? incoming light
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112 3 what is light? Ref. 70 Challe
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114 3 what is light? F I G U R E 69
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116 3 what is light? light Ref. 72
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118 3 what is light? light Challeng
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120 3 what is light? momentumLis gi
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122 3 what is light? Ref. 80 Challe
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126 3 what is light? Ref. 87 Page 9
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130 3 what is light? v ph v So F I
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132 3 what is light? The forerunner
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134 3 what is light? vocabulary. On
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136 3 what is light? source beam sp
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138 3 what is light? B B Beam in A
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Chapter 4 IMAGES AND THE EYE - OPTI
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142 4 images and the eye - optics 2
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144 4 images and the eye - optics C
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146 4 images and the eye - optics R
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268 8 thought and language Vol. IV,
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270 8 thought and language . . 0 1
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274 8 thought and language ⊳ Ever
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Chapter 10 CLASSICAL PHYSICS IN A N
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322 10 classical physics in a nutsh
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328 a units, measurements and const
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342 challenge hints and solutions n
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360 challenge hints and solutions V
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362 bibliography 10 Thiseffect hasf
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364 bibliography 37 A discussionof
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366 bibliography M.B. van der Mark
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368 bibliography Vol. I, page 96 19
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370 bibliography S.W. McCuskey, F.C
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372 bibliography 119 A complete lis
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374 bibliography F I G U R E 178 Th
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376 bibliography in unserer Zeit33,
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378 bibliography private communicat
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380 bibliography success of structu
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382 bibliography Vol. IV, page 135
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384 bibliography and 304. 260 For a
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386 bibliography Springer, 1996. wh
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CREDITS Acknowledgements Many peopl
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390 credits tute of Molecular Patho
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392 credits scientific_photos.htm.O
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NAME INDEX A Abbott A Abbott,T.A.37
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396 name index D Democritus Democri
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398 name index H Holmes Holmes, C.D
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400 name index M Mohr Mohr, P.J. 38
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402 name index S Sheldon Sheldon, E
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404 name index Z Zybin Motion Mount
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406 subject index A units 328 Aplys
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408 subject index C classical class
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410 subject index E Earth Earth age
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412 subject index F finite finite 2
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414 subject index I infrared photog
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416 subject index L Lorentz Lorentz
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422 subject index S Scarabeus Scara
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424 subject index T table d’Unit
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426 subject index W Wien’s Wien
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