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FIJI Post-Disaster Needs Assessment As was the case in the 2012 floods, anecdotal reports suggest that women and girls are offering sex in exchange for food. 119 In light of this, reproductive health services and outreach should, therefore, be strengthened to provide information and services on maternal health, sexual violence and adolescent sexual reproductive health. With regard to education, the projected decrease in economic output attributable to TC Winston could impact school enrolment. In response to trauma among children following the disaster, school programmes should continue to provide psychosocial support to children in order to reduce the long-term impact of psychological distress. Impact on the Productive Sector From a gender perspective, an analysis of the whole productive sector indicates that women lost a total of about F$120 million in personal income loss (Table 69) as a result of the disaster, which is less than income losses incurred by men. This is because less women than men are employed. However, women are poorer, earn less income, are more dependent on subsistence economies, and, therefore, have fewer options to cope with the disaster impact than their male counterparts. Agriculture is an important form of employment for rural communities. Women hold a 33 percent share of the sector, 120 and losses in personal income due to TC Winston for women employed in the agriculture sector total F$99 million. This economic impact could have profound consequences at the household level as women’s meager income is usually invested in food, nutrition and familial basic needs, and, hence, overall household wellbeing and economic advancement could be impacted. Table 69: Personal Income Losses Borne by Men and Women by Productive Sector and Transport Sector Sector Women’s share by sector (percentage) Personal income losses (F$ million) 102 Tropical Cyclone Winston, February 20, 2016 Total Men Women Agriculture 0.33 298.2 198.9 99.3 Commerce 0.43 17.2 9.8 7.4 Manufacturing 0.31 18.5 12.8 5.7 Tourism 0.42 17.0 9.9 7.1 Transport a 0.11 0.7 0.6 0.1 Total 0.32 351.6 232.0 119.6 Source: Estimations by Assessment Team. Extensive damage to and production loss of small livestock in general and damage to vegetables in the Western Division, resources normally under the control of women, have depleted women’s asset base and deprived them of key protein sources and extra income, leaving them vulnerable to economic hardship. Furthermore, agricultural production losses, especially in fisheries, are expected to last close to a decade. Rural women’s income will, therefore, remain depressed over a long period of time and, thus, rural women may require income and food assistance for a long time. Beyond agriculture, commerce and tourism, small and micro enterprises provide significant employment to Fijians. The proportion of women in the informal sector is large, especially in SMEs and trading. While the low entry capital requirement and the flexible hours allow engagement in the sector and meeting reproductive obligations, the informality of the sector also leaves women with limited social protection to cope with the impacts, unlike paid workers. Most micro-enterprises in the affected areas are agro-based, comprised mainly of food processing, handicrafts and weaving. Damage to homes, raw materials and raw materials processing equipment, transport disruptions and depressed markets 121 have affected the ability of both men and women to derive livelihoods. Worse still, savings needed to restore their businesses will be diverted towards meeting basic household and home reconstruction needs. Soft loans and medium- and long-term skills development and direct access to external markets are also needed for women entrepreneurs to restart their businesses, reduce their reliance on local tourist markets and enhance their resilience against future disasters. In general, the combination of lost income, dependence on subsistence farming, constraints in mobility for other job options, limited access to finance and increased reproductive responsibilities will increase women’s economic hardship and dependence. Taking into account women’s large contribution to the informal sector and the constraints they face in recovery, efforts should be made to ensure that recovery programmes do not contribute to greater gender inequalities and increased poverty for women. Targeted investment in women should be an integral part of all recovery strategies in the productive sectors. Policies that seek to reduce the dependence of women on the natural resource base and proactively address the underlying drivers that make women more impoverished than men are essential. Affirmative action should be implemented to ensure the participation and benefit to women in reconstruction programmes. Skills development in entrepreneurship and masonry combined with market development will be important in reducing women’s dependence on agriculture and building their resilience against future disasters. 119 Based on the Gender Based Violence Sub-Cluster Advocacy Note: Gender-Based Violence in the Aftermath of the Fiji Tropical Cyclone Winston. 120 ADB 2015: Fiji Country Gender Assessment. 121 Based on interviews with women handcraft sellers in Lautoka.
FIJI Post-Disaster Needs Assessment One aspect that effectively limits and slows women’s post-disaster recovery and economic growth is time poverty, which can perpetuate gender inequalities, where women burdened by domestic work lag behind men who have more time to engage in other income-generating activities and, thereby, recover more quickly. According to the 2010-2011 EUS, women and girls spend 23 hours per week on reproductive work, 15 hours more than men. As noted below, women are spending a longer time securing water and doing laundry, and a combination of reduced agriculture yields and cessation of food rations will increase the time necessary for gleaning food. While ensuring that women actively participate in community recovery programmes is important, such engagement should consider gender disparities in time use and the unequal distribution of unpaid work between women and men and, therefore, avoid increasing women’s burden of further work. To enable women to participate in recovery and reconstruction programmes, the provision of childcare will be essential. Impact on Infrastructure and Physical Assets The largest impact of the damage to infrastructure has been changes in time use by women and girls, especially in areas that still continue to experience electricity and water supply cuts, which have increased the time necessary for fetching clean water and doing laundry. For example, a high prevalence of washing machines 122 in urban and rural areas has meant that power cuts increased laundry time from half an hour to three hours per week. In addition, time and labour expended in meeting water household needs has increased from zero to three hours a week. The disruptions have curtailed the ability of women and girls to engage in other productive and income-generating activities, since access to electricity affords women the opportunity for social and economic advancement, and provides mechanical power for agricultural food processing, cooking, lighting, refrigeration, communications and commercial enterprises, while minimising the time spent on domestic work. Disruptions in electricity supply have, therefore, undermined women’s ability to derive electricity-dependent livelihoods (e.g., virgin coconut oil production). Less obvious, perhaps, is the impact of electricity on women’s and girls’ safety and sense of security, 123 since lighting is a deterrent of violence and its absence puts women at a heightened risk. Thus, speedy electricity restoration is essential for the return of power-dependent livelihoods and women’s safety. Protection Issues 124 Sexual and Gender-Based Violence (SGBV): Violence against women in Fiji is alarmingly high, with 72 percent of everpartnered women experiencing physical, sexual or emotional violence at some point. 125 Intimate partner violence against women imposes a high burden of injury on women and the economy. Each day, approximately, 43 women are injured, 16 are injured badly enough to need health care and one is permanently disabled. 126 While data on gender-based violence in the context of TC Winston is limited, we know from previous emergencies, including the 2012 Fiji floods, that sexual violence against women and girls was reported in evacuation centres and domestic violence increased due to the additional stress during crisis. Reports from the field indicate women feeling unsafe in some locations, including evacuation centres, and an increase in the use and abuse of alcohol by men as a coping mechanism, putting women and children at further risk of harm. Some women have reported feeling scared to sleep at night, and have reported increasing sexual harassment. 127 Similar to other disasters in Fiji, there are increased reports of domestic violence, in particular to the Fiji Women Crisis Centre. Violence, exploitation and abuse of children are heightened risks as community protection mechanisms are disrupted and populations are displaced and under distress. This is further exacerbated by extensive destruction of homes, which may leave women and girls living with relatives and extended families or living in unsecured homes. Female-headed households may be at a greater risk due to lack of male protection. Furthermore, reduced availability of food and a decline in living conditions both increase affected populations’ exposure to sexual exploitation and abuse, including engagement in negative coping mechanisms in order to survive. For example, women and girls have already reported requests from men for sexual favors in exchange for food and other supplies. Recovery interventions should increase access to reproductive health care, scale up the presence of specific services, including clinical care for physical and sexual assault, and actively seek women’s views on how to improve safety and security in affected communities. Strengthened grievance and referral systems and support from national actors on SGBV to support victims of violence is also needed. In the short term, the scaled-up presence of police patrols and additional security measures, such as emergency lighting in order to safeguard affected communities and mitigate the risks of SGBV, are needed. In the medium to long term, review and reform of the legal process for reporting and responding to rape and gender-based violence in order to make it more accessible to women and girls may be required. Training of law enforcement on SGBV prevention and response and how to treat SGBV cases seriously and sensitively is essential. 122 Based on the same 51 percent increase change between 2002 (15 percent) and 2008 (31 percent), we can assume that washing machine prevalence at the household level in now 70 percent.. 123 Fiji Gender Based Violence Sub-Cluster Key Advocacy Note: April 9, 2016. 124 No information was available on issues related to sexual orientation and ethnicity. Issues faced by the elderly population are covered in the ELSP Chapter. 125 Fiji Women Crisis Centre 2013: Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women Study. 126 “Someone’s Life, Everybody’s Business.” National Research on Women’s Health and Life Experiences in Fiji (2010/2011): A survey exploring the prevalence, incidence and attitudes to intimate partner violence in Fiji. Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre. 127 Fiji Gender Based Violence Sub-Cluster Key Advocacy Note: April 9, 2016. Tropical Cyclone Winston, February 20, 2016 103
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