Beginning Oracle Database 11g Administration From Novice to Professional

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32 CHAPTER 2 SQL AND PL/SQL Listing 2-11. A Neatly Formatted Report with Page Headings, Column Headings, and Summary Lines Figure 2-4. SQL Developer tool
CHAPTER 2 SQL AND PL/SQL 33 Criticisms of SQL The IBM team that developed SQL made certain decisions that violated relational principles—chief among them that duplicate rows were allowed. The inventor of relational database technology, Dr. Ted Codd, was not part of IBM’s development team and, despite his urging, these deficiencies were not corrected in subsequent revisions of the language. In the opinion of some commentators, the gap then continued to widen. Nevertheless, no one has been successful in providing an alternative to SQL, and we must learn to live with its deficiencies. Chris Date makes the point very forcefully in An Introduction to Database Systems: SQL is now so far from being a true embodiment of relational principles—it suffers from so many sins of both omission and commission—that I would frankly prefer not to discuss it at all! However, SQL is obviously important from a commercial point of view; thus, every database professional needs to have some familiarity with it . . . Duplicates The SQL standard allows tables to contain duplicate data records and does not require that duplicates be eliminated from the results of a Projection or Union operation, thus violating the principles laid down by Codd. Chris Date has published an example in which 12 formulations of a certain SQL query returned 9 different results because duplicate data rows existed in the tables in question. Not only does this become a programming nightmare, but Date points out that this is one of the reasons why the query optimizer cannot always rewrite queries into alternative forms that are more efficient—the optimizer cannot be sure that the result will be unaffected by the rewrite. Redundancy Redundancy is not a violation of relational principles but creates a serious performance problem that database administrators must understand. There are usually many ways to rephrase the same SQL query. For various reasons (such as the one described in the previous section), the query optimizer might not find the optimal query execution plan in all cases even though all of the plans retrieve the same data and, therefore, the query plan that is optimal in one case is equally optimal in all other cases. Assuming that supplier records include a data item called , the following listings show ten ways to express the query List the status of all suppliers who supply hammers. 5 5. The ideas for this section are taken from a 1988 paper titled “SQL Redundancy and DBMS Performance” by well- known relational theorist Fabian Pascal.
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Beginning Oracle Database 11g Admin
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PART III Database Support CHAPTE
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Page 26 and 27: xxx INTRODUCTION Chapter 14: Databa
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PART III Database Support
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186 CHAPTER 9 TAKING CONTROL Listi
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CHAPTER 11 Fixing Problems Rise and
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CHAPTER 12 Backups As to our Conduc
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CHAPTER 13 Recovery These Officers,
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CHAPTER 13 RECOVERY 281 base admin
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CHAPTER 14 Database Maintenance “
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PART IV Database Tuning
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418 INDEX backout section, 349 back
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