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1.Algebra Booster

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Complex Numbers 4.7<br />

Ê2pˆ Ê2pˆ<br />

Let a = cosÁ + i sin<br />

Ë<br />

˜ Á ˜<br />

n ¯ Ë n ¯<br />

Then the nth roots of unity are a t , where t = 0, 1, 2, 3, …,<br />

n – 1<br />

Thus, the nth roots of unity are<br />

1, a, a 2 , a 3 , …, a n – 1 .<br />

4.13.1 Properties of the nth Roots of Unity<br />

(i) The sum of the nth roots of unity is zero.<br />

Proof: We have 1 + a + a 2 + a 3 + … + a n – 1<br />

n<br />

1 - a<br />

=<br />

1 - a<br />

n<br />

Ê Ê2pˆ Ê2pˆˆ<br />

1 - Ácos + i sin<br />

Ë<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯˜<br />

¯<br />

=<br />

1 - a<br />

Ê Ê2p<br />

ˆ Ê2p<br />

ˆˆ<br />

1 - cos ¥ n + isin<br />

¥ n<br />

Ë<br />

Á Ë<br />

Á<br />

n ¯<br />

˜<br />

Ë<br />

Á<br />

n ¯<br />

˜<br />

¯<br />

˜<br />

=<br />

1 - a<br />

1 -[cos(2 p) + i sin(2 p)]<br />

=<br />

1 - a<br />

1-<br />

1<br />

=<br />

1 - a<br />

= 0<br />

(ii) The sum of the pth powers of the nth roots of unity is<br />

also zero.<br />

Proof: We have 1 p + a p + a 2p (n – 1)p<br />

+ … + a<br />

= 1 + (a p ) + (a p ) 2 + (a p ) 3 + … + (a p ) n – 1<br />

np<br />

1 - a<br />

=<br />

1 -<br />

p<br />

a<br />

1-1 È<br />

n Ê Ê2pˆ Ê2pˆˆ<br />

= cos i sin<br />

p Í a = Á Á ˜ + Á ˜<br />

1 a<br />

n n<br />

˜<br />

- Î Ë Ë ¯ Ë ¯¯<br />

Ê2p<br />

ˆ Ê2p<br />

ˆ<br />

= cosÁ ¥ n + isin<br />

¥ n<br />

Ë<br />

˜ Á ˜<br />

n ¯ Ë n ¯<br />

= cos(2p) + i sin(2p) = 1<br />

fi a np = 1 p = 1]<br />

= 0<br />

Hence, the result.<br />

(iii) The product of the nth roots of unity is (–1) n – 1 .<br />

Proof: Let P = 1 ◊ a ◊ a 2 ◊ a 3 …a n – 1<br />

1 + 2 + 3 + … + (n – 1)<br />

= a<br />

n -1<br />

(1+ n-1)<br />

= a<br />

2<br />

n<br />

( 2 )<br />

n-1<br />

= a<br />

= (–1) n – 1<br />

È n<br />

2p<br />

2p<br />

a<br />

Ê 2<br />

Ê ˆ Ê ˆ<br />

Í = ÁcosÁ ˜ + i sin Á ˜<br />

ˆ<br />

Ë Ë n ¯ Ë n ¯˜<br />

Î<br />

¯<br />

n/2<br />

n<br />

Ê2p<br />

2<br />

= cos<br />

n ˆ Ê<br />

isin<br />

p n ˆ<br />

Á ¥ + ¥<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n 2¯ Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n 2¯<br />

= cos(p) + i sin(p) = –1]<br />

(iv) The nth roots of unity are in GP with the common ratio<br />

i 2<br />

( n )<br />

a. i.e.<br />

e p .<br />

(v) In the complex plane, the nth roots of unity are located<br />

on the circumference of the unit circle and divide it into<br />

n equal arcs.<br />

(vi) If 1, a, a 2 , a 3 , …, a n – 1 be the nth roots of unity, then<br />

x n – 1 = (x – 1)(x – a)(x – a 2 )…(x – a n – 1 )<br />

(vii) If 1, a, a 2 , a 3 , …, a n – 1 be the nth roots of unity, then<br />

Ê2pˆ Ê4pˆ Ê6pˆ<br />

(a) cosÁ + cos + cos + …<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Ê2( n - 1) p ˆ<br />

+ cosÁ<br />

= 0<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

2 4 6<br />

(b)<br />

Ê pˆ Ê pˆ Ê pˆ<br />

sin Á + sin + sin +º<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Ê2( n - 1) p ˆ<br />

+ sin Á = 0<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Proof: Now, 1 + a + a 2 + … + a n – 1 = 0<br />

fi<br />

n-1<br />

Â<br />

k = 0<br />

n-1<br />

a<br />

k<br />

= 0<br />

fi<br />

Ê Ê2pˆ Ê2pˆˆ<br />

 ÁcosÁ ˜ + i sin Á ˜<br />

k = 0 Ë Ë n ¯ Ë n ¯˜<br />

¯<br />

= 0<br />

fi<br />

n-1<br />

Ê Ê2kpˆ Ê2kpˆˆ<br />

 ÁcosÁ ˜ + i sin Á ˜ = 0<br />

k = 0 Ë Ë n ¯ Ë n ¯˜<br />

¯<br />

fi<br />

Ê Ê2pˆ Ê2pˆˆ<br />

Ácos<br />

+ isin<br />

Ë<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯˜<br />

¯<br />

Ê Ê4pˆ Ê4pˆˆ<br />

+ Ácos + isin + …<br />

Ë<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯˜<br />

¯<br />

Ê Ê2( n – 1) p ˆ Ê2( n – 1) p ˆˆ<br />

+ Ácos + isin Á ˜ = 0<br />

Ë<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯ Ë n ¯˜<br />

¯<br />

fi<br />

Ê2pˆ Ê4pˆ Ê6pˆ<br />

cosÁ + cos + cos + … +<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Ê2( n -1) pˆ Ê Ê2pˆ Ê4pˆ<br />

cos Á + i sin + sin + …<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯ Á<br />

Ë<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Ê2( n -1)<br />

p ˆˆ<br />

+ sin Á<br />

= 0<br />

Ë<br />

˜˜<br />

n ¯¯<br />

Thus,<br />

Ê2pˆ Ê4pˆ Ê2( n - 1) pˆ<br />

cosÁ + cos +º+ cosÁ ˜<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯ Ë n ¯<br />

and<br />

Ê2pˆ Ê4pˆ Ê2( n - 1) pˆ<br />

sin Á + sin +º+ sin Á ˜ = 0<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯<br />

Á<br />

Ë<br />

˜<br />

n ¯ Ë n ¯<br />

Hence, the result.<br />

k

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