Informe El medio ambiente en Europa: Estado y perspectivas 2020

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PART 2FIGURE 6.4Average sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly (running average over 11 years)SST anomaly (°C)0.40.20.0-0.2-0.4-0.6-0.8-1.0-1.21865 1875 1885 1895 1905 1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2015Global ocean North Sea Baltic Sea Mediterranean Sea North Atlantic Black SeaNote:Source:Time series of annual average sea surface temperature (°C), referenced to the average temperature between 1993 and 2012, in theglobal ocean and in each of the European seas. Data sources: SST data sets from Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service(Mediterranean Sea) and the Hadley Centre (HADISST1; global and other regional seas).EEA (2016b).Non-indigenous speciesAll Europe’s seas suffer from theintroduction of non-indigenous species(NISs), with the highest number ofintroductions in the Mediterranean Sea.Currently, at least 1 223 marine NISshave been recorded. NISs appear tobe introduced at a relatively constantrate (Figure 6.3) (EEA, 2019d). The mainpathway of introduction is maritimetransport, responsible for more than50 % of NIS transfer via ballast water,tank sediments, hull fouling, corridorsand other vectors (Tsiamis et al., 2018;EEA, 2019d) . The European sea withthe highest pressure from NISs is theMediterranean (Tsiamis et al., 2018). NISsare currently established in approximately8 % of Europe’s sea area. Of these, 81 NISsbelong to the group most impacting8 milliontonnes of plastic waste endsup in the ocean every yearputting pressure onthe marine environmentand its ecosystems.species; these have the highest invasivepotential. These invasive alien species arefound across all of Europe’s seas.Marine litterMarine litter puts pressure on all marineecosystems. For example, 8 million tonnesof plastic ends up in the ocean every year(EEA, 2018b). Plastic items are the mostabundant and damaging components ofmarine litter because of their persistence,accumulation and toxicity, and they canhave physical, chemical and biologicalimpacts on marine biodiversity. Plasticsconstitute up to 95 % of the waste thataccumulates on shorelines, the seasurface and the sea floor. The majority ofplastic litter items are packaging, fishingnets and small pieces of unidentifiableplastic or polystyrene (Pham et al., 2014).Litter pollution harms marine animalsthrough entanglement, clogging theirdigestive systems (following ingestion)and physiological changes, although theeffects at population level are still notwell investigated. Land-based sourcescontribute the largest proportion of litter,which is mostly transported by rivers orSOER 2020/Marine environment143
PART 2© Bo Eide144 SOER 2020/Marine environment
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The European environment —state a
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Cover design: EEACover photo: © Si
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ContentsPart 1Setting the scenePart
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I.ForewordThe European environment
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II.Executive summarySOER 2020 in a
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world, such as water, land, biomass
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EU policies have been more effectiv
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But governments also need to find w
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Sustainability needs to becomethe g
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00.Reporting onthe environmentin Eu
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PART 1SOER 2020/Foreword
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PART 1TABLE 0.1 The focus and conte
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PART 1BOX 0.1State of the environme
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PART 1BOX 0.1State of the environme
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PART 1BOX 0.2EEA-Eionet cooperation
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01.Assessing theglobal-Europeancont
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PART 1SOER 2020/Reporting on the en
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PART 1FIGURE 1.1Indicators for glob
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PART 1The loss and degradationof ou
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PART 1When will human‐inducedpres
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PART 1BOX 1.1Tipping points, critic
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PART 1© Antonio Atanasio Rincón,
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PART 1FIGURE 1.6 Trends in global d
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PART 1time they are the root causes
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PART 1FIGURE 1.7Share of Europe’s
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PART 1BOX 1.3Operationalising the c
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02.Europe’spolicies andsustainabi
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PART 1Summary• Recognising persis
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PART 1European environmentaland cli
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PART 1United States announced its w
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PART 1BOX 2.2The EU’s Seventh Env
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PART 1© Bojan Bencec, WaterPIX/EEA
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PART 1FIGURE 2.2The emerging EU env
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2
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4par A
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03.Biodiversityand nature72
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PART 2SOER 2020/Introduction Part 2
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PART 2The 2020 headline target is
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PART 2FIGURE 3.1 Area of Natura 200
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PART 2FIGURE 3.3Trends in conservat
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PART 2TABLE 3.3Summary assessment
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PART 2FIGURE 3.5 Common birds popul
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PART 2of the objectives of the natu
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Page 95 and 96: PART 2par AKey messages• Water is
Page 97 and 98: PART 2FIGURE 4.1Selection of links
Page 99 and 100: PART 2and storage, and flood protec
Page 101 and 102: PART 2TABLE 4.2Summary assessment
Page 103 and 104: PART 2BOX 4.1Examples of solutions
Page 105 and 106: PART 2MAP 4.2Country comparison —
Page 109 and 110: PART 2© Chris Happel108 SOER 2020/
Page 111 and 112: PART 2setting legally binding objec
Page 113 and 114: 05.Land and soil2
Page 115 and 116: PART 2par AKey messages• Land and
Page 117 and 118: PART 2TABLE 5.1Overview of selected
Page 119 and 120: PART 2FIGURE 5.1 Change in six majo
Page 121 and 122: PART 2FIGURE 5.2 Country comparison
Page 123 and 124: PART 2provide ecosystem services be
Page 127 and 128: PART 2crop yields by 2.5-15 %, but
Page 129 and 130: PART 2MAP 5.5Calculated nitrogen su
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Page 135 and 136: par AKey messages• Marine life is
Page 137 and 138: PART 2people and several maritime a
Page 139 and 140: PART 2FIGURE 6.1Mean annual product
Page 141 and 142: PART 26.3.2Pressures and their impa
Page 143: PART 2FIGURE 6.3Cumulative number o
Page 147 and 148: PART 2FIGURE 6.5Trends in the numbe
Page 151 and 152: PART 2From 2012 to 2016, the EU alm
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Page 155 and 156: PART 2SOER 2020/Climate ChangeKey m
Page 157 and 158: PART 2TABLE 7.1Overview of selected
Page 159 and 160: PART 2FIGURE 7.1 Greenhouse gas emi
Page 161 and 162: PART 2TABLE 7.2 Trends in EU emissi
Page 163 and 164: PART 2biomass combustion, incentivi
Page 165 and 166: PART 2The lower carbon intensity of
Page 167 and 168: PART 2FIGURE 7.4MtoePrimary and fin
Page 171 and 172: PART 2Since the 1950s, and inpartic
Page 173 and 174: PART 2MAP 7.1Extreme heat waves in
Page 175 and 176: PART 2MAP 7.3Projected changes in t
Page 179 and 180: PART 2FIGURE 7.8Projected welfare i
Page 181 and 182: PART 2FIGURE 7.9Overview of major p
Page 183 and 184: PART 2are also part of the Energy U
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Page 189 and 190: 08.Air pollution2
Page 191 and 192: PART 2par AKey messages• Air poll
Page 193 and 194: PART 2FIGURE 8.1Trends in the main
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PART 2FIGURE 8.2EU progress towards
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PART 2FIGURE 8.3 EU-28 emission red
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PART 2MAP 8.1 Annual mean NO 2conce
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PART 2MAP 8.2Estimated years of lif
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PART 2FIGURE 8.6Examples of the mai
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PART 2‘Sentinel missions’. The
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09.Waste andresourcesin a circulare
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PART 2par AKey messages• Increasi
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PART 2FIGURE 9.1Circular economy sy
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PART 2FIGURE 9.2Trends in the circu
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PART 2FIGURE 9.7Progress towards se
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PART 2© Brendan Killeen226 SOER 20
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PART 2BOX 9.3National experience of
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10.Chemicalpollution2
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PART 2par AKey messages• European
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20:20PART 2FIGURE 10.1Point and dif
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PART 2Table 10.1 presents an overvi
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PART 2Between 2000 and 2017, the pr
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PART 2in which there are significan
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PART 2chemicals is not enough to ex
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PART 210.4.2Cross-cutting challenge
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11.Environmentalnoise2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Environm
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PART 2TABLE 11.1Overview of selecte
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PART 2FIGURE 11.1Number of people e
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PART 2FIGURE 11.3 Country compariso
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PART 2FIGURE 11.4Outlook for 2020 a
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PART 2BOX 11.3Effects of noise on w
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PART 2mapping are still incomplete,
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12.Industrialpollution2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Industry
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PART 2TABLE 12.1Selected policy obj
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PART 2BOX 12.1Success in reducing s
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PART 2FIGURE 12.3Emissions of key i
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PART 2FIGURE 12.5 Total pollutant e
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PART 2© Andrzej Bochenski, Picture
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PART 2FIGURE 12.6Estimated number o
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PART 2Europe will require additiona
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13.Environmentalpressuresand sector
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PART 2par ASummary• The EU Sevent
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PART 2market for environmental tech
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PART 2294 SOER 2020/Environmental p
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PART 2FIGURE 13.1Pressures and impa
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PART 2FIGURE 13.2Development of the
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PART 2implementation patterns vary
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PART 2The overall use of fish andsh
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PART 2Mediterranean Sea and the Bla
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PART 2© Boral Kambay, NATURE@work
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PART 260 %of forests in the EU-28 a
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PART 2FIGURE 13.3 EU GHG emissions
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PART 2FIGURE 13.4Value added and em
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PART 2Strengthening environmentalin
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14.Summaryassessment2
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PART 2par A4 par A
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PART 2FIGURE 14.1 Overview of non-b
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PART 2(1) biodiversity and ecosyste
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PART 2324 SOER 2020/Summary assessm
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PART 2use of nature-based solutions
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PART 2BOX 14.3Challenges, synergies
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PART 2• The situation in Europe i
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2
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15.Sustainabilitythrougha system le
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PART 2par ASummary• The EU has co
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PART 3a comprehensive global approa
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PART 3BOX 15.1Emerging trends: four
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PART 3BOX 15.2SDG interactionsIn 20
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PART 3(UN, 2015). World leaders hav
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16.Understandingsustainabilitychall
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PART 3par ASummary• European cons
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PART 3in high-tech products and eme
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PART 3The European food systemis ch
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PART 3Wyckhuys, 2019). Moreover,an
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PART 3the principles of agroecology
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PART 3FIGURE 16.2Final energy consu
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PART 3in consumption and lifestyles
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PART 3in the demand for transport i
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PART 3vehicle ownership by bringing
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PART 3approach at the level of the
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© Rosana Grecchi, Sustainably Your
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PART 3to a loss of genetic diversit
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PART 3FIGURE 16.6Life cycle CO 2emi
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PART 3biophysical lock-ins, potenti
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17.Respondingto sustainabilitychall
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PART 2par ASummary• Responding to
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PART 3By embracing transitions,demo
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PART 3FIGURE 17.2Applying the multi
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PART 3TABLE 17.2Changing innovation
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PART 3BOX 17.1Climathon: transforma
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PART 3FIGURE 17.3Demanding environm
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PART 3BOX 17.3Electric vehicle diff
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PART 3BOX 17.5Mainstreaming organic
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PART 3BOX 17.6Restructuring the Ger
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PART 3BOX 17.7HINKU: towards carbon
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PART 3FIGURE 17.6Trends in energy R
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PART 3BOX 17.8EnergiesprongShifting
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PART 3BOX 17.9Crowdfunding bottom-u
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PART 3about using creative and part
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PART 3FIGURE 17.10 Policy mixes for
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PART 3BOX 17.10Identifying emerging
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2
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18.Where do wego from here?4
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PART 2par ASummary• Europe faces
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PART 4widespread environmental harm
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PART 4Better integration of environ
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PART 4420© SOER Ieva 2020/Where Br
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PART 4Equally, however, sustainabil
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AcknowledgementsSOER 2020 OVERALL C
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References(https://espas.secure.eur
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EC, 2018a, ‘Challenges for Europe
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Lucas, P. and Wilting, H., 2018, Us
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Commission for Europe, Oslo, Norway
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EC, 2015, Report from the Commissio
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Byrne, K. A. and et al., 2004, EU p
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Orgiazzi, A., et al., 2016, Global
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and Social Committee and the Commit
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Livsmedelsverket, 2018, ‘Dioxiner
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EC, 2015b, Communication from the C
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EEA, 2019e, Industrial waste water
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Chaudhary, A., et al., 2016, ‘Imp
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Schelhaas, M.-J., et al., 2018, ‘
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IPCC, 2018, Global warming of 1.5
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energy finance landscape, with impl
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IPES Food, 2018, Towards a common f
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European Environment AgencyKongens
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Informe El medio ambiente en Europa: Estado y perspectivas 2020

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