Informe El medio ambiente en Europa: Estado y perspectivas 2020

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PART 1of the EU’s first-ever initiative onpollinators to address their decline inEurope and worldwide.As regards environment and health,one of the purposes of the REACHRegulation is to ensure a high level ofprotection of human health and theenvironment, in particular throughbetter and earlier identification ofthe intrinsic properties of chemicalsubstances (EU, 2013e). This is donethrough the registration, evaluation,authorisation and restriction ofchemicals (REACH), and the Regulation’sprovisions, which are underpinned bythe precautionary principle.Environmental integration is stillbeing pursued. For example in theagricultural sector, which is responsiblefor many environmental pressures(Chapter 13), environmental andclimate considerations have beenincreasingly embedded within theCAP. For the period 2014-2020,this is being implemented throughcross‐compliance conditions forobtaining full direct payments,greening measures to make farmersdeliver environmental and climatebenefits beyond cross‐complianceand voluntary commitments byfarmers to get additional paymentsunder agri‐environment schemes(EU, 2013d, 2013e). CAP payments foragricultural development constitute37.8 % of the EU overall budget inthe multiannual financial frameworkfor 2014-2020 (EC, 2013). Under itsPillar 2, supporting rural developmentprogrammes, Member States haveto spend at least 30 % of the relatedbudget on measures related to theenvironment and climate changemitigation. This represents almost 1 %of the EU budget, or EUR 25 billion forthe period 2014‐2020, making it a veryimportant funding instrument, whichmay potentially influence the trendsin environmental pressures fromagriculture (Chapter 13).The 7th EAP establishes acoherent policy framework forEU environmental policies.Other funding instruments supportthe implementation of Europeanenvironmental and climate policy.The LIFE programme is the EU’sfinancial instrument supportingenvironmental, nature conservationand climate action projects throughoutthe EU (EU, 2013c). Since 1992, theLIFE programme has co-financedalmost 5 000 small-scale projectsdeveloping innovative approachesfor environment and climate action.For the period 2014‐2020, the LIFEprogramme contributes approximatelyEUR 3.4 billion (EC, 2016c). EU fundinginstruments such as the EuropeanRegional Development Fund (ERDF) andthe Cohesion Fund provide fundingfor the protection of the environment,although these instruments areprimarily focused on other policypriorities. The European Maritime andFisheries Fund has a strong focus onsustainable fish stocks, fuel-efficientfishing and reduced environmentalimpacts, among other priorities.More recently, the ambition of the7th EAP has been supported by a rangeof policy packages, which are moreintegrated at the macro-economiclevel and attempt to better addressthe long‐term, systemic interlinkagesbetween the environment, societyand the economy. In particular, sincethe publication of the previous SOER,significant policy developments havearisen around three frameworks highlyrelevant for the environment andclimate: (1) the low-carbon economy;(2) the circular economy; and (3) thebioeconomy.In line with the Paris Agreement, the EUhas set for itself ambitious climate- andenergy-related targets in order to movetowards a low-carbon economy by 2050.The long-term objective proposed by theEuropean Commission is to achieve areduction in GHG emissions of 80-95 %by 2050 compared with 1990 levels(EC, 2011a). In 2018, the EuropeanCommission raised its ambition with thepublication of the European strategiclong-term vision for a prosperous,modern, competitive and climate‐neutraleconomy for 2050, which shows howEurope could lead the way to climateneutrality while ensuring a socially justtransition (EC, 2018c). Building on the‘20-20-20 targets’ set for 2020, the EUhas committed, through its 2030 climateand energy framework, to reduceGHG emissions to at least 40 % below1990 levels by 2030, while improvingenergy efficiency by at least 32.5 % andincreasing the share of energy fromrenewable sources to at least 32 % offinal consumption (European Council,2014; EU, 2018a, 2018b).EU action relies on the EU EmissionsTrading System (ETS), a ‘cap and trade’mechanism for GHG emissions fromnearly 11 000 installations (factories,power stations, etc.) across the EU, onthe Effort Sharing Regulation (EU, 2018e),which sets binding annual targets forreducing GHG emissions for 2030 foreach Member State in sectors notcovered by the ETS (e.g. road transport,waste, agriculture and buildings), andon the LULUCF Regulation (EU, 2018d)committing Member States to ensurethat GHG emissions from land use, landuse change and forestry (LULUCF) areoffset by at least an equivalent removalof CO 2from the atmosphere in theperiod 2021-2030. These commitmentsare to be considered within the broaderperspective of the Energy UnionStrategy (EC, 2015b), which addressesSOER 2020/Europe’s policies and sustainability goals63
PART 1© Bojan Bencec, WaterPIX/EEA64 SOER 2020/Europe’s policies and sustainability goals
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The European environment —state a
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Cover design: EEACover photo: © Si
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ContentsPart 1Setting the scenePart
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I.ForewordThe European environment
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II.Executive summarySOER 2020 in a
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world, such as water, land, biomass
Page 14 and 15: EU policies have been more effectiv
Page 16 and 17: But governments also need to find w
Page 18: Sustainability needs to becomethe g
Page 21 and 22: 00.Reporting onthe environmentin Eu
Page 23 and 24: PART 1SOER 2020/Foreword
Page 25 and 26: PART 1TABLE 0.1 The focus and conte
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Page 37 and 38: PART 1FIGURE 1.1Indicators for glob
Page 39 and 40: PART 1The loss and degradationof ou
Page 41 and 42: PART 1When will human‐inducedpres
Page 43 and 44: PART 1BOX 1.1Tipping points, critic
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Page 47 and 48: PART 1FIGURE 1.6 Trends in global d
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Page 51 and 52: PART 1FIGURE 1.7Share of Europe’s
Page 53 and 54: PART 1BOX 1.3Operationalising the c
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Page 75 and 76: PART 2SOER 2020/Introduction Part 2
Page 77 and 78: PART 2The 2020 headline target is
Page 79 and 80: PART 2FIGURE 3.1 Area of Natura 200
Page 81 and 82: PART 2FIGURE 3.3Trends in conservat
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Page 85 and 86: PART 2FIGURE 3.5 Common birds popul
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Page 97 and 98: PART 2FIGURE 4.1Selection of links
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Page 111 and 112: PART 2setting legally binding objec
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PART 2par AKey messages• Land and
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PART 2TABLE 5.1Overview of selected
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PART 2FIGURE 5.1 Change in six majo
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PART 2FIGURE 5.2 Country comparison
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PART 2provide ecosystem services be
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PART 2TABLE 5.2Summary assessment
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PART 2crop yields by 2.5-15 %, but
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PART 2MAP 5.5Calculated nitrogen su
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06.Marineenvironment2
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par AKey messages• Marine life is
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PART 2people and several maritime a
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PART 2FIGURE 6.1Mean annual product
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PART 26.3.2Pressures and their impa
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PART 2FIGURE 6.3Cumulative number o
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PART 2© Bo Eide144 SOER 2020/Marin
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PART 2FIGURE 6.5Trends in the numbe
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PART 2From 2012 to 2016, the EU alm
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07.Climate change2
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PART 2SOER 2020/Climate ChangeKey m
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PART 2TABLE 7.1Overview of selected
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PART 2FIGURE 7.1 Greenhouse gas emi
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PART 2TABLE 7.2 Trends in EU emissi
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PART 2biomass combustion, incentivi
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PART 2The lower carbon intensity of
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PART 2FIGURE 7.4MtoePrimary and fin
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PART 2Since the 1950s, and inpartic
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PART 2MAP 7.1Extreme heat waves in
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PART 2MAP 7.3Projected changes in t
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PART 2FIGURE 7.8Projected welfare i
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PART 2FIGURE 7.9Overview of major p
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PART 2are also part of the Energy U
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PART 2climate package (UNFCCC, 2015
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PART 2© Giulia Soriente, My City/E
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08.Air pollution2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Air poll
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PART 2FIGURE 8.1Trends in the main
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PART 2FIGURE 8.2EU progress towards
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PART 2FIGURE 8.3 EU-28 emission red
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PART 2MAP 8.1 Annual mean NO 2conce
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PART 2MAP 8.2Estimated years of lif
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PART 2FIGURE 8.6Examples of the mai
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PART 2‘Sentinel missions’. The
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09.Waste andresourcesin a circulare
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PART 2par AKey messages• Increasi
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PART 2FIGURE 9.1Circular economy sy
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PART 2FIGURE 9.2Trends in the circu
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PART 2FIGURE 9.7Progress towards se
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PART 2© Brendan Killeen226 SOER 20
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PART 2BOX 9.3National experience of
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10.Chemicalpollution2
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PART 2par AKey messages• European
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20:20PART 2FIGURE 10.1Point and dif
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PART 2Table 10.1 presents an overvi
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PART 2Between 2000 and 2017, the pr
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PART 2in which there are significan
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PART 2chemicals is not enough to ex
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PART 210.4.2Cross-cutting challenge
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11.Environmentalnoise2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Environm
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PART 2TABLE 11.1Overview of selecte
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PART 2FIGURE 11.1Number of people e
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PART 2FIGURE 11.3 Country compariso
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PART 2FIGURE 11.4Outlook for 2020 a
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PART 2BOX 11.3Effects of noise on w
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PART 2mapping are still incomplete,
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12.Industrialpollution2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Industry
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PART 2TABLE 12.1Selected policy obj
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PART 2BOX 12.1Success in reducing s
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PART 2FIGURE 12.3Emissions of key i
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PART 2FIGURE 12.5 Total pollutant e
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PART 2© Andrzej Bochenski, Picture
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PART 2FIGURE 12.6Estimated number o
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PART 2Europe will require additiona
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13.Environmentalpressuresand sector
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PART 2par ASummary• The EU Sevent
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PART 2market for environmental tech
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PART 2294 SOER 2020/Environmental p
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PART 2FIGURE 13.1Pressures and impa
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PART 2FIGURE 13.2Development of the
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PART 2implementation patterns vary
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PART 2The overall use of fish andsh
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PART 2Mediterranean Sea and the Bla
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PART 2© Boral Kambay, NATURE@work
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PART 260 %of forests in the EU-28 a
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PART 2FIGURE 13.3 EU GHG emissions
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PART 2FIGURE 13.4Value added and em
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PART 2Strengthening environmentalin
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14.Summaryassessment2
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PART 2par A4 par A
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PART 2FIGURE 14.1 Overview of non-b
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PART 2(1) biodiversity and ecosyste
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PART 2324 SOER 2020/Summary assessm
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PART 2use of nature-based solutions
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PART 2BOX 14.3Challenges, synergies
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PART 2• The situation in Europe i
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2
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15.Sustainabilitythrougha system le
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PART 2par ASummary• The EU has co
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PART 3a comprehensive global approa
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PART 3BOX 15.1Emerging trends: four
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PART 3BOX 15.2SDG interactionsIn 20
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PART 3(UN, 2015). World leaders hav
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16.Understandingsustainabilitychall
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PART 3par ASummary• European cons
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PART 3in high-tech products and eme
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PART 3The European food systemis ch
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PART 3Wyckhuys, 2019). Moreover,an
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PART 3the principles of agroecology
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PART 3FIGURE 16.2Final energy consu
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PART 3in consumption and lifestyles
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PART 3in the demand for transport i
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PART 3vehicle ownership by bringing
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PART 3approach at the level of the
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© Rosana Grecchi, Sustainably Your
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PART 3to a loss of genetic diversit
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PART 3FIGURE 16.6Life cycle CO 2emi
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PART 3biophysical lock-ins, potenti
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17.Respondingto sustainabilitychall
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PART 2par ASummary• Responding to
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PART 3By embracing transitions,demo
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PART 3FIGURE 17.2Applying the multi
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PART 3TABLE 17.2Changing innovation
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PART 3BOX 17.1Climathon: transforma
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PART 3FIGURE 17.3Demanding environm
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PART 3BOX 17.3Electric vehicle diff
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PART 3BOX 17.5Mainstreaming organic
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PART 3BOX 17.6Restructuring the Ger
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PART 3BOX 17.7HINKU: towards carbon
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PART 3FIGURE 17.6Trends in energy R
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PART 3BOX 17.8EnergiesprongShifting
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PART 3BOX 17.9Crowdfunding bottom-u
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PART 3about using creative and part
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PART 3FIGURE 17.10 Policy mixes for
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PART 3BOX 17.10Identifying emerging
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2
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18.Where do wego from here?4
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PART 2par ASummary• Europe faces
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PART 4widespread environmental harm
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PART 4Better integration of environ
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PART 4420© SOER Ieva 2020/Where Br
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PART 4Equally, however, sustainabil
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AcknowledgementsSOER 2020 OVERALL C
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References(https://espas.secure.eur
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EC, 2018a, ‘Challenges for Europe
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Lucas, P. and Wilting, H., 2018, Us
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Commission for Europe, Oslo, Norway
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accessed 6 August 2019.EEC, 1975, C
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EC, 2015, Report from the Commissio
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(2007/60/EC) Second River Basin Man
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Byrne, K. A. and et al., 2004, EU p
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Orgiazzi, A., et al., 2016, Global
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and Social Committee and the Commit
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Livsmedelsverket, 2018, ‘Dioxiner
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EC, 2015b, Communication from the C
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EEA, 2019e, Industrial waste water
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Chaudhary, A., et al., 2016, ‘Imp
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Schelhaas, M.-J., et al., 2018, ‘
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IPCC, 2018, Global warming of 1.5
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