Informe El medio ambiente en Europa: Estado y perspectivas 2020

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PART 1BOX 1.2The planetary boundary frameworkThe planetary boundary frameworkidentified nine processes thatregulate the stability and resilience of theEarth system — ‘planetary life supportsystems’ (Rockström et al., 2009; Steffenet al., 2015a). The framework proposesprecautionary quantitative planetaryboundaries within which humanity cancontinue to develop and thrive, alsoreferred to as a ‘safe operating space’. Itsuggests that crossing these boundariesincreases the risk of generating large‐scaleabrupt or irreversible environmentalchanges that could turn the Earth systeminto states detrimental or catastrophic forhuman development.The nine planetary boundaries are:(1) climate change; (2) change inbiosphere integrity; (3) stratosphericozone depletion; (4) ocean acidification; (5)biogeochemical flows — interference withphosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) cycles;(6) land system change; (7) freshwateruse; (8) atmospheric aerosol loading; and(9) introduction of novel entities such asnew substances or modified life forms(Figure 1.4). Loss of biosphere integrityrelates to the widespread degradationof biodiversity and ecosystems withassociated loss of ecosystem function, asdescribed in Section 1.2. Two boundaries— climate change and biosphereintegrity — have been identified as coreboundaries, meaning that each of thesehas the potential on its own to drive theEarth system into a new state should theybe substantially and persistently overshotand that the other boundaries operatethrough their influence on these two coreboundaries (Steffen et al., 2015a).Seven of the nine planetary boundarieshave been quantified at the globalscale by identifying control variables(e.g. atmospheric CO 2concentrationfor climate change) and estimatingspecific limits that humanity should staywithin. It is estimated that humanity hasalready overshot the limits that define asafe operating space for four planetaryboundaries, namely those for biosphereintegrity, climate change, land systemchange and biogeochemical flows (Steffenet al., 2015a).Much uncertainty remains regarding someof the control variables, and the limitsof the planetary boundaries representestimates based on currently availablescientific knowledge. These are likely to befurther refined as scientific understandingevolves. For example, efforts to furtherdefine and quantify biosphere integrityare ongoing (Mace et al., 2014; Newboldet al., 2016). The planetary boundary workhas been disputed by some scientists(e.g. Montoya et al.’s (2018) and Rockströmet al.’s (2018) responses). ■FIGURE 1.4The status of the nine planetary boundariesBeyond zone of uncertainty(high risk)BiosphereintegrityGeneticdiversityClimate changeIn zone of uncertainty(increasing risk)Below boundary(safe)Functionaldiversity??Novel entitiesBoundary notyet quantifiedLand systemchangeStratosphericozone depletion?FreshwateruseAtmospheric aerosolloadingPhosphorusBiogeochemicalflowsNitrogenOceanacidificationNote:Source:BII, biodiversity intactness index; E/MSY, extinctions per million species-years.Steffen et al. (2015a).SOER 2020/Assessing the global-European context and trends43
PART 1© Antonio Atanasio Rincón, Sustainably Yours EEA44 SOER 2020/Assessing the global-European context and trends
Page 1 and 2: The European environment —state a
Page 3 and 4: Cover design: EEACover photo: © Si
Page 5 and 6: ContentsPart 1Setting the scenePart
Page 8 and 9: I.ForewordThe European environment
Page 10 and 11: II.Executive summarySOER 2020 in a
Page 12 and 13: world, such as water, land, biomass
Page 14 and 15: EU policies have been more effectiv
Page 16 and 17: But governments also need to find w
Page 18: Sustainability needs to becomethe g
Page 21 and 22: 00.Reporting onthe environmentin Eu
Page 23 and 24: PART 1SOER 2020/Foreword
Page 25 and 26: PART 1TABLE 0.1 The focus and conte
Page 27 and 28: PART 1BOX 0.1State of the environme
Page 29 and 30: PART 1BOX 0.1State of the environme
Page 31 and 32: PART 1BOX 0.2EEA-Eionet cooperation
Page 33 and 34: 01.Assessing theglobal-Europeancont
Page 35 and 36: PART 1SOER 2020/Reporting on the en
Page 37 and 38: PART 1FIGURE 1.1Indicators for glob
Page 39 and 40: PART 1The loss and degradationof ou
Page 41 and 42: PART 1When will human‐inducedpres
Page 43: PART 1BOX 1.1Tipping points, critic
Page 47 and 48: PART 1FIGURE 1.6 Trends in global d
Page 49 and 50: PART 1time they are the root causes
Page 51 and 52: PART 1FIGURE 1.7Share of Europe’s
Page 53 and 54: PART 1BOX 1.3Operationalising the c
Page 55 and 56: 02.Europe’spolicies andsustainabi
Page 57 and 58: PART 1Summary• Recognising persis
Page 59 and 60: PART 1European environmentaland cli
Page 61 and 62: PART 1United States announced its w
Page 63 and 64: PART 1BOX 2.2The EU’s Seventh Env
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Page 67 and 68: PART 1FIGURE 2.2The emerging EU env
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Page 73 and 74: 03.Biodiversityand nature72
Page 75 and 76: PART 2SOER 2020/Introduction Part 2
Page 77 and 78: PART 2The 2020 headline target is
Page 79 and 80: PART 2FIGURE 3.1 Area of Natura 200
Page 81 and 82: PART 2FIGURE 3.3Trends in conservat
Page 83 and 84: PART 2TABLE 3.3Summary assessment
Page 85 and 86: PART 2FIGURE 3.5 Common birds popul
Page 91 and 92: PART 2of the objectives of the natu
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PART 2par AKey messages• Water is
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PART 2FIGURE 4.1Selection of links
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PART 2and storage, and flood protec
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PART 2TABLE 4.2Summary assessment
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PART 2BOX 4.1Examples of solutions
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PART 2MAP 4.2Country comparison —
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PART 2© Chris Happel108 SOER 2020/
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PART 2setting legally binding objec
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05.Land and soil2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Land and
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PART 2TABLE 5.1Overview of selected
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PART 2FIGURE 5.1 Change in six majo
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PART 2FIGURE 5.2 Country comparison
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PART 2provide ecosystem services be
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PART 2crop yields by 2.5-15 %, but
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PART 2MAP 5.5Calculated nitrogen su
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06.Marineenvironment2
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par AKey messages• Marine life is
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PART 2people and several maritime a
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PART 2FIGURE 6.1Mean annual product
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PART 26.3.2Pressures and their impa
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PART 2FIGURE 6.3Cumulative number o
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PART 2© Bo Eide144 SOER 2020/Marin
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PART 2FIGURE 6.5Trends in the numbe
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PART 2From 2012 to 2016, the EU alm
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07.Climate change2
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PART 2SOER 2020/Climate ChangeKey m
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PART 2TABLE 7.1Overview of selected
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PART 2FIGURE 7.1 Greenhouse gas emi
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PART 2TABLE 7.2 Trends in EU emissi
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PART 2biomass combustion, incentivi
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PART 2The lower carbon intensity of
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PART 2FIGURE 7.4MtoePrimary and fin
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PART 2Since the 1950s, and inpartic
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PART 2MAP 7.1Extreme heat waves in
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PART 2MAP 7.3Projected changes in t
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PART 2FIGURE 7.8Projected welfare i
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PART 2FIGURE 7.9Overview of major p
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PART 2are also part of the Energy U
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PART 2climate package (UNFCCC, 2015
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PART 2© Giulia Soriente, My City/E
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08.Air pollution2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Air poll
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PART 2FIGURE 8.1Trends in the main
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PART 2FIGURE 8.2EU progress towards
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PART 2FIGURE 8.3 EU-28 emission red
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PART 2MAP 8.1 Annual mean NO 2conce
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PART 2MAP 8.2Estimated years of lif
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PART 2FIGURE 8.6Examples of the mai
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PART 2‘Sentinel missions’. The
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09.Waste andresourcesin a circulare
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PART 2par AKey messages• Increasi
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PART 2FIGURE 9.1Circular economy sy
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PART 2FIGURE 9.2Trends in the circu
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PART 2FIGURE 9.7Progress towards se
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PART 2© Brendan Killeen226 SOER 20
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PART 2BOX 9.3National experience of
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10.Chemicalpollution2
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PART 2par AKey messages• European
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20:20PART 2FIGURE 10.1Point and dif
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PART 2Table 10.1 presents an overvi
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PART 2Between 2000 and 2017, the pr
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PART 2in which there are significan
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PART 2chemicals is not enough to ex
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PART 210.4.2Cross-cutting challenge
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11.Environmentalnoise2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Environm
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PART 2TABLE 11.1Overview of selecte
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PART 2FIGURE 11.1Number of people e
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PART 2FIGURE 11.3 Country compariso
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PART 2FIGURE 11.4Outlook for 2020 a
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PART 2BOX 11.3Effects of noise on w
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PART 2mapping are still incomplete,
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12.Industrialpollution2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Industry
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PART 2TABLE 12.1Selected policy obj
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PART 2BOX 12.1Success in reducing s
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PART 2FIGURE 12.3Emissions of key i
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PART 2FIGURE 12.5 Total pollutant e
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PART 2© Andrzej Bochenski, Picture
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PART 2FIGURE 12.6Estimated number o
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PART 2Europe will require additiona
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13.Environmentalpressuresand sector
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PART 2par ASummary• The EU Sevent
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PART 2market for environmental tech
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PART 2294 SOER 2020/Environmental p
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PART 2FIGURE 13.1Pressures and impa
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PART 2FIGURE 13.2Development of the
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PART 2implementation patterns vary
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PART 2The overall use of fish andsh
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PART 2Mediterranean Sea and the Bla
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PART 2© Boral Kambay, NATURE@work
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PART 260 %of forests in the EU-28 a
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PART 2FIGURE 13.3 EU GHG emissions
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PART 2FIGURE 13.4Value added and em
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PART 2Strengthening environmentalin
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14.Summaryassessment2
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PART 2par A4 par A
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PART 2FIGURE 14.1 Overview of non-b
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PART 2(1) biodiversity and ecosyste
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PART 2324 SOER 2020/Summary assessm
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PART 2use of nature-based solutions
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PART 2BOX 14.3Challenges, synergies
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PART 2• The situation in Europe i
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2
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15.Sustainabilitythrougha system le
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PART 2par ASummary• The EU has co
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PART 3a comprehensive global approa
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PART 3BOX 15.1Emerging trends: four
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PART 3BOX 15.2SDG interactionsIn 20
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PART 3(UN, 2015). World leaders hav
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16.Understandingsustainabilitychall
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PART 3par ASummary• European cons
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PART 3in high-tech products and eme
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PART 3The European food systemis ch
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PART 3Wyckhuys, 2019). Moreover,an
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PART 3the principles of agroecology
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PART 3FIGURE 16.2Final energy consu
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PART 3in consumption and lifestyles
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PART 3in the demand for transport i
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PART 3vehicle ownership by bringing
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PART 3approach at the level of the
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© Rosana Grecchi, Sustainably Your
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PART 3to a loss of genetic diversit
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PART 3FIGURE 16.6Life cycle CO 2emi
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PART 3biophysical lock-ins, potenti
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17.Respondingto sustainabilitychall
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PART 2par ASummary• Responding to
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PART 3By embracing transitions,demo
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PART 3FIGURE 17.2Applying the multi
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PART 3TABLE 17.2Changing innovation
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PART 3BOX 17.1Climathon: transforma
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PART 3FIGURE 17.3Demanding environm
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PART 3BOX 17.3Electric vehicle diff
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PART 3BOX 17.5Mainstreaming organic
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PART 3BOX 17.6Restructuring the Ger
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PART 3BOX 17.7HINKU: towards carbon
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PART 3FIGURE 17.6Trends in energy R
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PART 3BOX 17.8EnergiesprongShifting
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PART 3BOX 17.9Crowdfunding bottom-u
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PART 3about using creative and part
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PART 3FIGURE 17.10 Policy mixes for
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PART 3BOX 17.10Identifying emerging
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2
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18.Where do wego from here?4
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PART 2par ASummary• Europe faces
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PART 4widespread environmental harm
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PART 4Better integration of environ
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PART 4420© SOER Ieva 2020/Where Br
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PART 4Equally, however, sustainabil
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AcknowledgementsSOER 2020 OVERALL C
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Informe El medio ambiente en Europa: Estado y perspectivas 2020

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