Informe El medio ambiente en Europa: Estado y perspectivas 2020

PART 3
FIGURE 16.6
Life cycle CO 2
emissions for different vehicles and fuel types
CO 2
emissions (g/km)
350
100 % coal
electricity
(indicative)
300
250
Petrol
200
Diesel
Renewable
electricity
Mixed electricity,
(based on
EU average)
150
100
Renewable
electricity
50
0
Conventional
vehicle
Conventional
vehicle
Plug-in
hybrid electric
vehicles
Battery electric
vehicle
Battery electric
vehicle
Battery electric
vehicle
Vehicle production and disposal Fuel production CO 2
exhaust emission
Sources: EEA (2016a), drawing on TNO (2015).
The concept of the ‘resource
nexus’ recognises that
food, energy, water, land,
materials and ecosystems
are interconnected.
addressing problems in one area may
simply shift the burden to other systems.
Choices regarding land use affect both
the current outcomes of the food,
energy and mobility systems and the
potential for sustainability transitions.
Such choices focus in particular on
how land is used to produce food,
fuel and biomass, to sequester carbon
and to provide other ecosystem
services. Agriculture, forestry and
land use are recognised as important
factors in meeting long-term climate
goals because of the need to achieve
negative emissions through carbon
sequestration. Achieving this will require
that the interlinkages across systems
are considered and the trade-offs and
co‐benefits identified.
The concept of the ‘resource nexus’
essentially recognises that food,
energy, water, land, materials
and ecosystems (Figure 16.7) are
interconnected across space and time
(Hoff, 2011). It supports sustainability
governance by helping to identify how
best to balance socio-economic and
environmental concerns. As the World
Economic Forum (WEF, 2011) notes,
‘any strategy that focuses on one part
of the water‐food‐energy nexus without
considering its interconnections risks
372 SOER 2020/Understanding sustainability challenges