Informe El medio ambiente en Europa: Estado y perspectivas 2020

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PART 2FIGURE 9.4Country comparison — resource productivity in EuropeSerbiaBulgariaRomaniaNorth MacedoniaEstoniaLatviaPolandLithuaniaTurkeyHungaryFinlandCzechiaSlovakiaPortugalCyprusCroatiaSloveniaGreeceMaltaAustriaSwedenDenmarkEU-28GermanyNorwayIrelandBelgiumSpainFranceItalyLuxembourgUnited KingdomNetherlandsSwitzerland0 1 2 3 4 5 62000Euro (chain-linked volumes 2010)/kg DMC20082017Note:Source:For Turkey, 2016 substituted for 2017 data. For Serbia, 2001 substituted for 2000 data. 2017 data include estimates and provisionaldata.Eurostat (2019m).SOER 2020/Waste and resourcesin a circular economy219
PART 2TABLE 9.3Summary assessment — material resource efficiencyPast trends and outlookPast trends(10-15 years)Outlook to 2030Material consumption in the EU-28 declined during the last decade, and resource efficiency improved.The economic recession contributed to this trend, along with decreasing use of fossil fuels and thechanging structure of the economy.Most projections and/or scenarios envisage the use of materials increasing globally, and to a lesser extent inthe EU, while resource efficiency is projected to increase. Recent policies on the circular economy as well as onclimate change mitigation can be expected to contribute to improve resource efficiency.Prospects of meeting policy objectives/targets2020Europe is on track to meet the Seventh Environment Action Programme objective of improving resourceefficiency by 2020. However, policy objectives are non-binding and without measurable targets or a clearthreshold to indicate when objectives have been achieved.RobustnessEurostat has compiled a long, reliable time series of data on material flows and resource productivity for morethan 30 European countries. However, material flow-based indicators do not capture important issues suchas impacts of resource use, or environmental burdens related to extraction of imported resources, which canbe significant. Trends shown by material flow-based indicators are also heavily influenced by the high shareof largely inert construction materials. Outlook information for Europe is sparse, thus the outlook assessmentrelies partly on expert judgement.the share of imports is increasingcontinuously (Eurostat, 2019g).This results in some shifting of theenvironmental burden to countriesoutside the EU, whereby pressuresrelated to the extraction of resourcesoccur in the producing country and notwhere those resources are actually used(Chapters 1 and 16).Resource productivity — the ratiobetween gross domestic product(GDP) and DMC — in the EU as awhole increased by 40 % between2000 and 2017. However, as shown inFigure 9.4, there are large differencesbetween individual countries, bothin absolute terms and in trends overtime. For example, within the EU,resource productivity varies by afactor of 14 between the Netherlandsand Bulgaria. The change in resourceproductivity in the period between2000 and 2017 varied from an increaseResource efficiency in the EU isexpected to improve, albeit withan increase in material use.of 143 % in Ireland and 119 % in Spainto a decline of 18 % in Romania.Notably, the same countries(Switzerland, Netherlands, UnitedKingdom, Luxembourg and Italy) haveremained at the top of the resourceproductivity rankings in Europe, withanother group of countries consistentlyremaining at the bottom (Bulgaria,Romania, Estonia, Poland and Lithuania).These differences are stronglyinfluenced by countries’ differingeconomic structures, including thehighly relevant mining sector in Bulgaria,Romania, Estonia and Poland (Eurostat,2019i). Within the latter group, theimprovement in resource efficiency hasbeen limited, which means that the gapbetween these countries and the mostresource-efficient countries is increasing(Eurostat, 2019m).Some of the countries with the highestresource efficiency also have a highshare of imports in their materialinput. Replacing domestically extractedresources with imports may result in an‘artificial’ increase in importing countries’resource productivity. To highlight this,Eurostat has developed the raw materialconsumption indicator, available forthe EU-28 as a bloc. In 2016, the EU’sraw material consumption per capitawas about 14.2 tonnes, compared with13.4 tonnes of DMC (and largely followed220 SOER 2020/Waste and resourcesin a circular economy
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The European environment —state a
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Cover design: EEACover photo: © Si
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ContentsPart 1Setting the scenePart
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I.ForewordThe European environment
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II.Executive summarySOER 2020 in a
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world, such as water, land, biomass
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EU policies have been more effectiv
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But governments also need to find w
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Sustainability needs to becomethe g
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00.Reporting onthe environmentin Eu
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PART 1SOER 2020/Foreword
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PART 1TABLE 0.1 The focus and conte
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PART 1BOX 0.1State of the environme
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PART 1BOX 0.1State of the environme
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PART 1BOX 0.2EEA-Eionet cooperation
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01.Assessing theglobal-Europeancont
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PART 1SOER 2020/Reporting on the en
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PART 1FIGURE 1.1Indicators for glob
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PART 1The loss and degradationof ou
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PART 1When will human‐inducedpres
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PART 1BOX 1.1Tipping points, critic
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PART 1© Antonio Atanasio Rincón,
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PART 1FIGURE 1.6 Trends in global d
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PART 1time they are the root causes
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PART 1FIGURE 1.7Share of Europe’s
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PART 1BOX 1.3Operationalising the c
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02.Europe’spolicies andsustainabi
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PART 1Summary• Recognising persis
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PART 1European environmentaland cli
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PART 1United States announced its w
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PART 1BOX 2.2The EU’s Seventh Env
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PART 1© Bojan Bencec, WaterPIX/EEA
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PART 1FIGURE 2.2The emerging EU env
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2
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4par A
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03.Biodiversityand nature72
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PART 2SOER 2020/Introduction Part 2
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PART 2The 2020 headline target is
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PART 2FIGURE 3.1 Area of Natura 200
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PART 2FIGURE 3.3Trends in conservat
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PART 2TABLE 3.3Summary assessment
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PART 2FIGURE 3.5 Common birds popul
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PART 2of the objectives of the natu
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04.Freshwater2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Water is
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PART 2FIGURE 4.1Selection of links
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PART 2and storage, and flood protec
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PART 2BOX 4.1Examples of solutions
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PART 2MAP 4.2Country comparison —
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PART 2© Chris Happel108 SOER 2020/
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PART 2setting legally binding objec
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05.Land and soil2
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PART 2par AKey messages• Land and
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PART 2TABLE 5.1Overview of selected
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PART 2FIGURE 5.1 Change in six majo
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PART 2FIGURE 5.2 Country comparison
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PART 2provide ecosystem services be
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PART 2crop yields by 2.5-15 %, but
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PART 2MAP 5.5Calculated nitrogen su
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06.Marineenvironment2
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par AKey messages• Marine life is
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PART 2people and several maritime a
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PART 2FIGURE 6.1Mean annual product
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PART 26.3.2Pressures and their impa
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PART 2FIGURE 6.3Cumulative number o
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PART 2© Bo Eide144 SOER 2020/Marin
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PART 2FIGURE 6.5Trends in the numbe
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PART 2From 2012 to 2016, the EU alm
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07.Climate change2
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PART 2SOER 2020/Climate ChangeKey m
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PART 2TABLE 7.1Overview of selected
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PART 2FIGURE 7.1 Greenhouse gas emi
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PART 2TABLE 7.2 Trends in EU emissi
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PART 2biomass combustion, incentivi
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PART 2The lower carbon intensity of
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PART 2FIGURE 7.4MtoePrimary and fin
Page 169 and 170: PART 2TABLE 7.5Summary assessment
Page 171 and 172: PART 2Since the 1950s, and inpartic
Page 173 and 174: PART 2MAP 7.1Extreme heat waves in
Page 175 and 176: PART 2MAP 7.3Projected changes in t
Page 179 and 180: PART 2FIGURE 7.8Projected welfare i
Page 181 and 182: PART 2FIGURE 7.9Overview of major p
Page 183 and 184: PART 2are also part of the Energy U
Page 185 and 186: PART 2climate package (UNFCCC, 2015
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Page 191 and 192: PART 2par AKey messages• Air poll
Page 193 and 194: PART 2FIGURE 8.1Trends in the main
Page 195 and 196: PART 2FIGURE 8.2EU progress towards
Page 197 and 198: PART 2FIGURE 8.3 EU-28 emission red
Page 199 and 200: PART 2MAP 8.1 Annual mean NO 2conce
Page 203 and 204: PART 2MAP 8.2Estimated years of lif
Page 207 and 208: PART 2FIGURE 8.6Examples of the mai
Page 209 and 210: PART 2‘Sentinel missions’. The
Page 211 and 212: 09.Waste andresourcesin a circulare
Page 213 and 214: PART 2par AKey messages• Increasi
Page 215 and 216: PART 2FIGURE 9.1Circular economy sy
Page 217 and 218: PART 2FIGURE 9.2Trends in the circu
Page 219: PART 2TABLE 9.2Summary assessment
Page 225 and 226: PART 2FIGURE 9.7Progress towards se
Page 227 and 228: PART 2© Brendan Killeen226 SOER 20
Page 229 and 230: PART 2BOX 9.3National experience of
Page 231 and 232: 10.Chemicalpollution2
Page 233 and 234: PART 2par AKey messages• European
Page 235 and 236: 20:20PART 2FIGURE 10.1Point and dif
Page 237 and 238: PART 2Table 10.1 presents an overvi
Page 239 and 240: PART 2Between 2000 and 2017, the pr
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Page 251 and 252: PART 210.4.2Cross-cutting challenge
Page 253 and 254: 11.Environmentalnoise2
Page 255 and 256: PART 2par AKey messages• Environm
Page 257 and 258: PART 2TABLE 11.1Overview of selecte
Page 259 and 260: PART 2FIGURE 11.1Number of people e
Page 261 and 262: PART 2FIGURE 11.3 Country compariso
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Page 265 and 266: PART 2BOX 11.3Effects of noise on w
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PART 2par AKey messages• Industry
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PART 2TABLE 12.1Selected policy obj
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PART 2BOX 12.1Success in reducing s
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PART 2FIGURE 12.3Emissions of key i
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PART 2FIGURE 12.5 Total pollutant e
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PART 2© Andrzej Bochenski, Picture
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PART 2FIGURE 12.6Estimated number o
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PART 2Europe will require additiona
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13.Environmentalpressuresand sector
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PART 2par ASummary• The EU Sevent
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PART 2market for environmental tech
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PART 2294 SOER 2020/Environmental p
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PART 2FIGURE 13.1Pressures and impa
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PART 2FIGURE 13.2Development of the
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PART 2implementation patterns vary
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PART 2The overall use of fish andsh
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PART 2Mediterranean Sea and the Bla
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PART 2© Boral Kambay, NATURE@work
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PART 260 %of forests in the EU-28 a
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PART 2FIGURE 13.3 EU GHG emissions
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PART 2FIGURE 13.4Value added and em
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PART 2Strengthening environmentalin
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14.Summaryassessment2
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PART 2par A4 par A
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PART 2FIGURE 14.1 Overview of non-b
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PART 2(1) biodiversity and ecosyste
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PART 2324 SOER 2020/Summary assessm
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PART 2use of nature-based solutions
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PART 2BOX 14.3Challenges, synergies
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PART 2• The situation in Europe i
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2
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15.Sustainabilitythrougha system le
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PART 2par ASummary• The EU has co
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PART 3a comprehensive global approa
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PART 3BOX 15.1Emerging trends: four
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PART 3BOX 15.2SDG interactionsIn 20
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PART 3(UN, 2015). World leaders hav
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16.Understandingsustainabilitychall
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PART 3par ASummary• European cons
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PART 3in high-tech products and eme
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PART 3The European food systemis ch
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PART 3Wyckhuys, 2019). Moreover,an
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PART 3the principles of agroecology
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PART 3FIGURE 16.2Final energy consu
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PART 3in consumption and lifestyles
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PART 3in the demand for transport i
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PART 3vehicle ownership by bringing
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PART 3approach at the level of the
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© Rosana Grecchi, Sustainably Your
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PART 3to a loss of genetic diversit
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PART 3FIGURE 16.6Life cycle CO 2emi
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PART 3biophysical lock-ins, potenti
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17.Respondingto sustainabilitychall
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PART 2par ASummary• Responding to
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PART 3By embracing transitions,demo
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PART 3FIGURE 17.2Applying the multi
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PART 3TABLE 17.2Changing innovation
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PART 3BOX 17.1Climathon: transforma
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PART 3FIGURE 17.3Demanding environm
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PART 3BOX 17.3Electric vehicle diff
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PART 3BOX 17.5Mainstreaming organic
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PART 3BOX 17.6Restructuring the Ger
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PART 3BOX 17.7HINKU: towards carbon
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PART 3FIGURE 17.6Trends in energy R
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PART 3BOX 17.8EnergiesprongShifting
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PART 3BOX 17.9Crowdfunding bottom-u
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PART 3about using creative and part
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PART 3FIGURE 17.10 Policy mixes for
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PART 3BOX 17.10Identifying emerging
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2
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18.Where do wego from here?4
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PART 2par ASummary• Europe faces
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PART 4widespread environmental harm
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PART 4Better integration of environ
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PART 4420© SOER Ieva 2020/Where Br
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PART 4Equally, however, sustainabil
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AcknowledgementsSOER 2020 OVERALL C
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EC, 2018a, ‘Challenges for Europe
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Lucas, P. and Wilting, H., 2018, Us
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EC, 2015, Report from the Commissio
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Byrne, K. A. and et al., 2004, EU p
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